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74 reviewsWhy education is linked to higher cognitive function in aging is fercely debated. Leading theories propose that education reduces brain decline in aging and enhances tolerance to brain pathology or that it does not afect cognitive decline but, rather, refects higher early-life cognitive function. To test these theories, we analyzed 407,356 episodic memory scores from 170,795 participants older than 50 years, alongside 15,157 brain magnetic resonance imaging scans from 6,472 participants across 33 Western countries. More education was associated with better memory, larger intracranial volume and slightly larger volume of memory-sensitive brain regions. However, education did not protect against age-related decline or weakened efects of brain decline on cognition. The most parsimonious explanation for the results is that the associations refect factors present early in life, including propensity of individuals with certain traits to pursue more education. Although education has numerous benefts, the notion that it provides protection against cognitive or brain decline is not supported.
