Analog Optical Computer For Ai Inference And Combinatorial Optimization Kirill P Kalinin by Kirill P. Kalinin, Jannes Gladrow, Jiaqi Chu, James H. Clegg, Daniel Cletheroe, Douglas J. Kelly, Babak Rahmani, Grace Brennan, Burcu Canakci, Fabian Falck, Michael Hansen, Jim Kleewein, Heiner Kremer, Greg O’shea, Lucinda Pickup 10.1038/S41586-025-09430-Z instant download after payment.

Artifcial intelligence (AI) and combinatorial optimization drive applications across science and industry, but their increasing energy demands challenge the sustainability of digital computing. Most unconventional computing systems1–7 target either AI or optimization workloads and rely on frequent, energy-intensive digital conversions, limiting efficiency. These systems also face application-hardware mismatches, whether handling memory-bottlenecked neural models, mapping real-world optimization problems or contending with inherent analog noise. Here, we introduce an analog optical computer (AOC) that combines analog electronics and three-dimensional optics to accelerate AI inference and combinatorial optimization in a single platform. This dual-domain capability is enabled by a rapid fxed-point search, which avoids digital conversions and enhances noise robustness. With this fxed-point abstraction, the AOC implements emerging compute-bound neural models with recursive reasoning potential and realizes an advanced gradient-descent approach for expressive optimization. We demonstrate the benefits of co-designing the hardware and abstraction, echoing the co-evolution of digital accelerators and deep learning models, through four case studies: image classification, nonlinear regression, medical image reconstruction and financial transaction settlement. Built with scalable, consumer-grade technologies, the AOC paves a promising path for faster and sustainable computing. Its native support for iterative, compute-intensive models offers a scalable analog platform for fostering future innovation in AI and optimization.