Biomarkers Of The Tumor Microenvironment 2nd Lars A Akslen Editor by Lars A. Akslen (editor), Randolph S. Watnick (editor) 9780128217894, 0128217898 instant download after payment.

We discovered that many different cell types exist within the tumor
microenvironment that possess both growth promoting and inhibitory roles in tumor progression.
Among the most prominent cell types that affect tumor growth are immune cells. Harold
Dvorak famously described tumors as “wounds that do not heal.” This seemingly simple statement
has profound implications not only on how tumors are studied and perceived, but also on
the manner in which they are treated. Advancements in immunotherapy have led to the development
of therapeutic agents that re-engage the adaptive immune response and enable the
immune system to attack tumors. Immune checkpoint inhibitors that block PD-1, PD-L1, and
CTLA-4 have been approved for multiple indications and have shown potent and durable
responses in a subset of patients. Therapeutic agents targeting CD47, a “do not eat me” signal
that represents an inflammatory checkpoint protein blocking macrophage phagocytosis, are in
clinical trials.
It is now recognized that evasion of immune and inflammatory cells is not mediated solelyby the expression of checkpoint inhibitors on the surface of tumor cells. Myeloid derived cells,
including monocytes and macrophages, are potent suppressors of the immune and inflammatory
response, as are cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Such cells might also repress the
expression of thrombospondin-1, a potent anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory
protein. Recent findings have highlighted that angiogenesis and immune evasionare co-regulated, further underscoring the complexity and significance of these interactions
between tumor cells and the microenvironment.