Clinical Uses of Botulinum Toxins 1st Edition by Anthony B Ward ISBN 9780521833042 by Anthony B. Ward, Michael P. Barnes 0521833043, 9780521833042 instant download after payment.

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ISBN 13: 9780521833042
Author: Anthony B Ward

Botulinum toxins now play a very significant role in the management of a wide variety of medical conditions; from headaches to hypersalivation, and from spasticity to sweating. In this book, a strong, international team of experts outline the basic neurochemistry of botulinum toxins and chart the progress of the drug from laboratory to clinic. Then individual chapters summarize their use for the main clinical indications in the context of other available treatments. This book will be of interest to neuroscientists and practising clinicians working in a wide range of specialities, from neurology and dermatology to pediatrics, plastic surgery and rehabilitation medicine.

Clinical Uses of Botulinum Toxins 1st Table of contents:

1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 History of BoNT
1.1.2 History of BoNT as a therapeutic agent
1.2 Why write this book?
1.3 Outline of the book
REFERENCES
2 Mechanistic basis for the therapeutic effectiveness of botulinum toxin A on over-active cholinergi
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Outline
2.3 BoNT/A binds to ?productive? ecto-acceptors on motor and autonomic nerves: such targeting underl
2.4 I-BoNT undergoes acceptor-mediated endocytosis in cholinergic nerves: enhancement by stimulation
2.5 Intra-neuronal inhibition by BoNT/A of the release of numerous transmitters from SSVs and LDCVs
2.6 LC of BoNT/A administered intracellularly blocks Ca2+-evoked exocytosis due to its proteolytic c
2.7 Prolonged neuromuscular paralysis and associated nerve sprouting induced by BoNT/A contrasts wit
2.8 Therapeutic applications: present success and unique properties of BoNTs offer encouraging prosp
REFERENCES
3 Botulinum toxin: from menace to medicine
3.1 Product development
3.2 Product assay
3.3 Production of botulinum toxins for clinical use
3.4 Organisms used for clinical toxin manufacture
3.5 Formulation of therapeutic toxin products
3.6 Therapeutic ratio of toxin products
3.7 The future
3.7.1 Purified neurotoxins for clinical use
3.7.2 Exploitation of engineered neurotoxin fragments
Exploitation of the light chain
Therapeutics for the treatment of chronic pain
Therapeutics for the treatment of allergy
3.7.3 Exploitation of the heavy chain
REFERENCES
4 Botulinum toxin: primary and secondary resistance
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Primary resistance
4.3 Secondary resistance
4.4 Developing resistance
4.5 Detecting antibodies
4.6 Overcoming resistance
REFERENCES
5 Introduction to botulinum toxin in clinical practice
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Botulinum toxin serotypes
5.3 Commercial production
5.4 Indications and licensing
5.5 Storage issues
5.6 Injection techniques
5.6.1 Drawing up
5.6.2 Dilution
5.6.3 Patient preparation
5.6.4 Target organ location
5.6.5 Disposal
5.7 Repeated injections
5.8 Side effects
5.8.1 General
5.9 Safety and adverse events
5.10 Helpful hints
5.11 Training issues
Additional information regarding xeomin
REFERENCES
6 Cervical dystonia
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Epidemiology
6.3 Natural history
6.4 Clinical features
6.4.1 Pain
6.4.2 Motor symptoms
6.4.3 Head tremor
6.4.4 Social embarrassment
6.4.5 Depression
6.5 Disability and quality of life
6.6 Provocative and palliative factors
6.7 Classification of cervical dystonia
6.8 Pathogenesis
6.9 Diagnosis
6.10 Treatment of cervical dystonia
6.11 Pharmacologic therapy
6.11.1 Anticholinergic agents
6.11.2 GABA mimetic agents
6.11.3 Dopamine-depleting agents, dopamine receptor antagonists and dopamine receptor agonists
6.11.4 Other oral medications
6.12 Role of surgery
6.12.1 Peripheral surgery
6.12.2 Central surgical approaches
6.13 Treatment with botulinum toxin therapy
6.13.1 Review and clinical evidence of therapeutic efficacy
6.13.2 Non-responders to botulinum toxin treatment
6.13.3 Botulinum toxin type B
6.14 Side effects of botulinum toxin therapy
6.14.1 Dysphagia
6.14.2 Local neck pain
6.14.3 Neck muscle weakness
6.14.4 Dry mouth
6.14.5 Flu-like illness
6.14.6 Other minor side effects
6.14.7 Distant side effects
6.15 Practical aspects of treatment with botulinum toxin
6.15.1 Optimum goals of treatment with botulinum toxin
6.15.2 Commencement of botulinum toxin treatment
6.15.3 Patient education and counselling
6.15.4 Process of muscle selection
6.15.5 Examination
6.15.6 Injection techniques
Toxin dose
Toxin dilution
Follow-up visits
Cervical dystonia rating scales
Injecting individual muscles
Sternocleidomastoid
Levator scapulae
Splenius capitis
Semispinalis capitis
Anterior neck muscles
Role of electromyographic (EMG) recordings
REFERENCES
7 The use of botulinum toxin in otolaryngology
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Laryngeal dystonia/spasmodic dysphonia
7.2.1 Classification
Adductor laryngeal dystonia
Abductor laryngeal dystonia
Mixed laryngeal dystonia
7.2.2 Assessment of speech disorders due to dystonia
Fibreoptic examination
7.2.3 Treatment of spasmodic dysphonia
7.2.4 Treatment of adductor laryngeal dystonia with botulinum toxin
7.2.5 Treatment of abductor laryngeal dystonia with botulinum toxin
7.3 Tongue dystonia
7.3.1 Bunched tongue
7.3.2 Tongue protrusion
7.3.3 Side effects from tongue injections
7.4 Jaw opening dystonia
7.4.1 Injection technique
7.4.2 Side effects
7.5 Jaw closing dystonia
7.5.1 Injection technique
7.5.2 Side effects
7.6 The slewed jaw
7.7 Palatal myoclonus
REFERENCES
8 Spasticity
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Pathophysiology
8.3 Why treat spasticity and prevent complications?
8.4 Epidemiology
8.5 Management principles
8.6 Planning treatment
8.6.1 Patient assessment
8.6.2 Aims of treatment
8.7 Medical interventions in the treatment for spasticity
8.7.1 Oral agents
Baclofen
Dantrolene sodium
Tizanidine
Benzodiazepines
Gabapentin
Cannabis
8.7.2 Intrathecal baclofen
8.7.3 Chemodenervation
Phenol nerve blockade
8.7.4 Botulinum toxin
8.7.5 Muscle location
Electromyography and muscle stimulation
8.7.6 Computerized tomography and ultrasonography
8.7.7 Clinical scenarios for botulinum toxin treatment
8.7.7 Clinical scenarios for botulinum toxin treatment
Spastic shoulder and upper arm
The clawed hand and flexed wrist
Hip flexor and thigh adductor spasticity
Talipes equino-varus foot
8.8 Post-injection care
8.8.1 Organization of services for botulinum toxin treatment in spasticity
8.8.2 Outcome measures
Ashworth scale
Tardieu scale
Other measures of spasticity
Clinical measures
8.8.3 Evidence for the use of BoNT in spasticity
8.9 Conclusion
REFERENCES
9 Hyperhidrosis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Hyperhidrosis
9.3 Measuring hyperhidrosis
9.4 Therapy
9.5 Botulinum toxin
9.6 Axillary hyperhidrosis
9.7 Palmar hyperhidrosis
9.8 Plantar hyperhidrosis
9.9 Facial hyperhidrosis
9.10 Other indications
9.11 Botulinum toxin type B
9.12 Complications
9.13 Future directions
REFERENCE
10 Hypersalivation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Background and clinical description
10.2.1 The salivary glands
10.2.2 Drooling
Evaluation of drooling
10.3 Alternative treatments
10.3.1 Anticholinergic drugs
10.3.2 Surgical treatment
10.3.3 Radiotherapy
10.3.4 Occupational, physical, and speech therapies
10.3.5 Acupuncture
10.4 Botulinum toxin
10.4.1 Introduction
10.4.2 Efficacy
10.4.3 Injection techniques
10.4.4 Dosage guidelines
10.4.5 Side effects
10.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
REFERENCES
Appendix: Rating scales for drooling
Drooling frequency scale
Drooling severity scale
Drooling rating scale
Drooling rating scale
11 Botulinum toxin type A for the prophylactic treatment of primary headache disorders
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of headache: mechanism of action
11.3 Episodic migraine
11.4 Chronic daily headache
11.5 Chronic tension-type headache
11.6 Tolerability
11.7 Injection strategy
11.8 Conclusion
REFERENCES
12 Botulinum toxin in the management of back and neck pain
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Costs
12.3 Clinical management
12.4 Treatment
12.5 General guidance
12.5.1 Reassurance
12.5.2 Bed rest
12.5.3 Activity modification
12.5.4 Medication
Simple analgesia
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Compound analgesics
Strong opioids
Muscle relaxants
Antidepressants
Anticonvulsants
12.5.5 Physical therapy modalities
Lumbar corsets and supports
Back schools
Behavioural therapy
Multidisciplinary programmes
12.5.6 Epidural, facet joint, and local injections with anaesthetics and/or steroids
12.5.7 Percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy
12.5.8 Indications for surgical evaluation
12.5.9 Surgical interventions
12.5.10 Other Recognized Modalities
Botulinum toxin
Botulinum toxin in low back pain
Botulinum toxin in the management of myofascial pain syndrome (MPS)
Botulinum toxin in the management of whiplash associated disorder
12.6 Treatment protocol
12.6.1 Identification and injection of trigger points
12.7 Preinjection assessment
12.8 Needle selection
12.9 Injection solution
12.10 Injection technique
12.11 Post-injection management
12.12 Possible complications
12.13 Conclusion
REFERENCES
13 Clinical uses of botulinum toxin
13.1 Ophthalmological uses
13.1.1 Introduction
13.2 Strabismus
13.3 Informed consent
13.4 Indications
13.4.1 Childhood
Infantile esotropia
Other Childhood strabismus
Specific syndromes
13.4.2 Adult
13.5 Facial movement disorders
13.5.1 Idiopathic blepharospasm
13.5.2 Apraxia of eye opening
13.5.3 Hemifacial spasm
13.5.4 Post facial palsy problems
13.5.5 Other facial movement disorders
13.5.6 Other ophthalmic indications
Eyelid position
Tear function
Facial scars
REFERENCES
14 Bladder and bowel indications
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Urinary bladder indications
14.2.1 Anatomy and physiology of micturition
14.2.2 Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia
14.2.3 Neurogenic detrusor overactivity
14.2.4 Idiopathic detrusor overactivity or sensor urge
14.2.5 Urinary retention
14.3 Male genitourinary dysfunction
14.3.1 Chronic prostatic pain
14.3.2 Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
14.4 Female sexual dysfunction
14.4.1 Vaginismus
14.5 Bowel and anal problems
14.5.1 Anatomy and physiology of anal sphincters
14.5.2 Neuromyogenic properties of the GIT smooth muscles
Functional organization of the ENS
Smooth muscle contraction
14.6 Bowel and anal treatment indications
14.6.1 Chronic anal fissure
Pathophysiology of chronic fissure
Results of BoNT treatment
14.6.2 Other applications in the lower GIT
Pelvic floor dysfunction
Chronic idiopathic anal pain
Other anorectal conditions
14.7 Pancreato-biliary system
14.7.1 Sphincter of Oddi
Available treatments
REFERENCES
15 Cosmetic uses of botulinum toxin A
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Dilution of the toxin for cosmetic purposes
15.2 Cosmetic use of botulinum toxins
15.2.1 General tips
15.3 BOTOX in the glabella
15.3.1 General tips for treatment of the glabella
15.3.2 Glabellar anatomy
15.3.3 Injection technique for the glabella
15.3.4 Complications from glabella injections
15.4 Prominent forehead lines
15.4.1 General tips
15.4.2 Anatomy of the forehead musculature
15.4.3 Injection technique: forehead
15.4.4 Complications: forehead
15.5 Crow?s feet and infraorbital rhytids
15.5.1 Anatomy of the periorbital area and of the eyelids
15.5.2 Injection technique for the periorbital areas
15.5.3 Complications from injection of the orbital area
15.5.4 BOTOX for lateral brow lift
15.5.5 ?Bunny lines?
15.6 Lower face
15.6.1 General anatomy of the lower face
15.6.2 Lips
General tips for lips
Injection technique for lips
15.6.3 ?Gummy smile?
15.6.4 ?Downturned smile?
15.6.5 Mentalis-?golf ball chin?
15.6.6 ? Vertical neck bands? and ?horizontal necklace lines?
15.6.7 Newer indications for treatment with botulinum toxins
Radish calf
15.6.8 Adjunctive uses of botulinum toxins
The use of toxins with fillers
15.7 Conclusions
REFERENCES
16 Other clinical neurological uses of botulinum toxin
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Tics
16.2.1 Background
16.2.2 Natural history
16.2.3 Management
16.2.4 The role of botulinum toxin
16.3 Myoclonus
16.3.1 Background
16.3.2 Other treatments
16.3.3 The role of botulinum toxin
16.4 Stiff person syndrome
16.4.1 Background
16.4.2 Treatments
The role of botulinum toxin
16.5 Parkinson?s disease
16.5.1 Background
16.5.2 Sialorrhoea (dribbling)
16.5.3 Dystonia
16.5.4 Blepharospasm/apraxia of lid opening
16.5.5 Isolated muscle spasm
16.5.6 Gastrointestinal problems
16.5.7 Freezing
16.5.8 Rigidity
16.5.9 Tremor
16.6 Tremor
16.6.1 Background
16.6.2 Other treatments
16.6.3 The role of botulinum toxin
16.7 Limb dystonias and occupational cramps
16.7.1 Background
16.7.2 Focal limb dystonias
16.7.3 Occupational task specific dystonia
16.7.4 Other treatments
16.7.5 The role of botulinum toxin

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