Essays on Peripheral Nerve Repair and Regeneration 1st Edition by Stefano Geuna, Pierluigi Tos, Bruno Battiston ISBN 9780123750846 by Stefano Geuna; Pierluigi Tos And Bruno Battiston (eds.) 9780123750846, 0123750849 instant download after payment.

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ISBN 13: 9780123750846
Author: Stefano Geuna, Pierluigi Tos, Bruno Battiston

Interest in the study of peripheral nerve repair and regeneration has increased significantly over the last twenty years and today the number of nerve reconstructions performed is progressively increasing due to the continuous improvement in surgical technology and to the spread of microsurgical skills among surgeons worldwide. 

This volume of International Review of Neurobiology providdes an overview of the state of the art knowledge in peripheral nerve repair and regeneration by bringing together a number of reviews that critically address some the most important issues in this biomedical field.

Essays on Peripheral Nerve Repair and Regeneration 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1: Peripheral Nerve Repair and Regeneration Research: A Historical Note
I. Introduction
II. The 19th Century
III. The 20th Century
IV. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2: Development of the Peripheral Nerve
I. Introduction
II. Development of the Neural Components of the Peripheral Nerve
A. Developmental Properties of the Schwann Cells
1. The DiVerentiation of the Schwann Cell: From the Neural Crest to Mature Schwann Cell
2. The Interaction of the Schwann Cell and Axon in Developing PNs
B. Developmental Properties of the Axon in Peripheral Nerves
1. The Development of the PNs Network
2. The Development of the Axon Bundles
III. Development of the Nonneural Components of the Peripheral Nerve
A. The Embryonic Origin of Cell Types of Nerve Sheath
B. Development of the Peripheral Nerve Sheath
IV. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3: Histology of the Peripheral Nerve and Changes Occurring During Nerve Regeneration
I. Introduction
II. Structure and Ultrastructure of the Peripheral Nerve
A. The ``Parenchyma´´ of the Nerve
1. Myelinated Nerve Fibers
2. Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers
B. The ``Stroma´´ of the Nerve: Nerve Fibers
III. Morphological Changes after Nerve Damage and Regeneration
A. The Proximal Nerve Segment
1. Perikaryal Phenotype Following Nerve Damage and Regeneration
B. The Distal Nerve Segment
IV. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4: Methods and Protocols in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Experimental Research: Part I-Expe
I. Introduction
II. In Vitro Models of Axonal Elongation
A. Immortalized Neuronal and Glial Cell Lines
B. Primary Neuronal and Glial Cultures
C. 3D and Organotypic Cocultures
III. In Vivo Animal Models for the Study of Nerve Repair and Regeneration
IV. Experimental Lesion Paradigms for Nerve Regeneration Research
A. Axonotmesis
B. Neurotmesis
V. Selection of the Nerve Model
A. Hindlimb Nerves
B. Forelimb Nerves
1. Functional Anatomy of Finger Movements
2. The Grasping Test
3. The Ulnar Test
4. Functional Assessment of the Radial Nerve by Means of the Grasping Test
C. Other Nerve Models
VI. Interfering Conditions and Disease Models
VII. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5: Methods and Protocols in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Experimental Research: Part II-Mor
I. Introduction
II. Light Microscopy
A. Fixation Procedures
B. Embedding Procedures
1. Paraffin Embedding Protocol
2. Cryo-embedding Protocol
C. Staining Procedures
1. Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining
2. Masson’s Trichrome Staining
3. Pre-embedding Myelin Sheath Stain with Osmium Tetroxidebefore Paraffin Embedding
4. Toluidine Blue Staining of Semithin Sections from Resin-embedded Blocks
5. Polychrome Staining of Semithin Sections from Resin-embedded Blocks
III. Immunohistochemistry and Confocal Microscopy
A. Fixation Procedures
B. Embedding Procedures
1. ‘‘Etching’’ Procedure for Immunohistochemistry after Pre-embeddingOsmium Tetroxide Staini
C. Antibodies and Immunostaining Procedures
1. Immunofluorescence
2. Immunoperoxidase
IV. Electron Microscopy
A. Fixation Procedures
B. Embedding Procedures
C. Cutting and Staining Procedures
V. Histomorphometry (Stereology)
A. Comparison of Quantitative Estimates Between Resin- and Paraffi;n-Embedded Nerve Specimens
VI. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6: Methods and Protocols in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Experimental Research: Part III-El
I. Introduction
II. Nerve Conduction Tests: Technical Bases
III. Electrophysiological Evaluation of Axonal Regeneration
IV. Electrophysiological Evaluation of Regeneration and Reinnervation
A. Nerve Conduction Tests
B. Motor Nerve Conduction Tests
C. Usefulness of Nerve Conduction Tests for Assessment of Nerve Regeneration
V. Electrophysiological Evaluation of Spinal Reflexes and Central Connectivity
A. Spinal Reflexes
B. Sensory and Motor Evoked Responses
VI. EMG: Evaluation of Muscle Reinnervation
VII. Electrophysiological Characterization of Electrical Properties of Regenerated Nerves
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7: Methods and Protocols in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Experimental Research: Part IV-Kin
I. Introduction
II. Walking Track Analysis
A. Walking Tracks
B. Analysis of Walking Tracks
C. Limitations of the SFI
III. Computerized Gait Analysis
A. Calculation of SFI
B. Gait-Stance Duration
C. Ankle Kinematics
D. Toe out Angle
IV. Gait Analysis in the Forelimb Nerve Injury Models
V. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 8: Current Techniques and Concepts in Peripheral Nerve Repair
I. Introduction
II. Timing of Nerve Repair
III. Direct Repair
A. End-To-End Repair
B. Epineural Sleeve Repair
C. End-To-Side Repair
IV. Nerve Grafting
A. Nerve Autografts
B. Nerve Allografts
1. MHC Matching
2. Graft Pretreatment
3. Immunosuppression
4. Tolerance Induction
V. Conduit Repair
A. Biological Conduits
B. Artificial Conduits
VI. Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Artificial Scaffolds for Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction
I. Introduction
II. Materials for Peripheral Nerve Repair
A. Nondegradable Materials for Nerve Guides
B. Biodegradable Synthetic Materials for Nerve Guides
C. Natural Polymers for Nerve Guides
III. Techniques for the Production of Scaffolds for Peripheral Nerve Repair from Synthetic Polymers
IV. Functionalized Bioactive Materials for Axon Regeneration
A. Haptotactic Cues
B. Chemotactic Cues
V. Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Conduit Luminal Additives for Peripheral Nerve Repair
I. Introduction
II. Cellular Components
A. Schwann Cells
B. Bone Stromal Cells
C. Fibroblasts
D. Other Cellular Components
III. Structural Components
A. Fibrin
B. Laminin
C. Collagen
D. Synthetic Longitudinal Matrices
IV. Neurotrophic Components
A. Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)
B. Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)
C. Glial Growth Factor (GGF)
D. Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF)
V. VEGF
VI. GDNF
A. Other Factors
VII. Combined Additives
VIII. Recommendations
IX. Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Tissue Engineering of Peripheral Nerves
I. Introduction
II. Microsurgery
III. Cell and Tissue Transplantation
A. A Combined Tissue Autotransplantation Approach: The Muscle-Vein-Combined Technique
IV. Material Science-Biomaterials for Nerve Reconstruction
V. Gene Transfer
VI. Clinical Experience
A. Polymeric Scaffolds
B. Biomimetic and Biological Scaffolds
C. Muscle-Vein-Combined Scaffolds
VII. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12: Mechanisms Underlying The End-to-Side Nerve Regeneration
I. Introduction
II. Proposed Mechanisms and Experimental Techniques
III. Proximal Stump Contamination
IV. Collateral Sprouting
V. Terminal/Regenerating Sprouting
VI. Stimuli Needed for Triggering Nerve Sprouting
VII. Pruning
VIII. Brain Plasticity
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13: Experimental Results in End-To-Side Neurorrhaphy
I. Introduction
II. Source of Regenerating Axons
III. Molecular Mechanism of Collateral Sprouting
IV. Degree of Motor Versus Sensory Regeneration
V. Results in Various End-to-Side Surgical Models
VI. Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: End-to-Side Nerve Regeneration: From the Laboratory Bench to Clinical Applications
I. Introduction
II. Basic Science Studies
III. Clinical Studies
A. Sensory Nerves
B. Mixed Nerves and Brachial Plexus
IV. Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15: Novel Pharmacological Approaches to Schwann Cells as Neuroprotective Agents for Peripher
I. Introduction
II. GABAergic System
III. Neuroactive Steroids
IV. Glutamate
V. Cholinergic System
VI. Purinergic System
VII. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs)
VIII. Other Approaches
IX. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 16: Melatonin and Nerve Regeneration
I. Introduction
II. The Effects of Melatonin on Peripheral Nerves
A. The Effects of Melatonin on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in the Peripheral Nerves
B. The Effects of Melatonin on Painful Situations During Peripheral Nerve Injury
C. The Effects of Melatonin After Peripheral Nerve Transection and PNI
D. Optic Nerve Studies with Melatonin
III. Melatonin Toxicity on Peripheral Nerves
IV. Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Transthyretin: An Enhancer of Nerve Regeneration
I. Introduction
II. Transthyretin
III. TTR KO Mice
IV. TTR Mutations as the Cause of FAP
V. TTR Enhances Nerve Regeneration
A. Lack of TTR Leads to Delayed Nerve Regeneration
B. Cellular Mechanism Underlying the Effect of TTR on Nerve Regeneration
VI. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 18: Enhancement of Nerve Regeneration and Recovery by Immunosuppressive Agents
I. Introduction
A. Immunophilins
II. Promoting Axon Regeneration
A. Central Nervous System
B. Peripheral Nervous System
III. Neuroprotection
A. Calcium Stabilization
B. Hypothermia
IV. Timing of Administration of FK506
V. Concentration of Neurotrophic Activity
VI. Mechanisms of Action of FK506
VII. Side Effects of FK506
VIII. Clinical Applications
IX. Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: The Role of Collagen in Peripheral Nerve Repair
I. Introduction
A. Outline of the Review
B. Peripheral Nerve Repair: An Historical Overview
II. Peripheral Nerve Collagens: Structure, Synthesis and Function
A. Collagen Structure and Types
B. Collagen Biosynthesis
C. Collagen Function in Peripheral Nerve Development and Repair
III. Excessive Collagen Formation can Act as Mechanical Barrier After PNI
IV. Inhibition of Collagen Synthesis Affects Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
References
Chapter 20: Gene Therapy Perspectives for Nerve Repair
I. Introduction
II. Gene Transfer Technologies to Target the Peripheral Nervous System
A. Where We Stand Now
B. Design and Optimization of Novel Vectors to Target the Peripheral Nervous System
1. Design of Expression Cassettes with Optimized Promoter Choice and Regulatory Elements
2. Problems and Promises in the Use of Herpes Simplex Virus Vectors
3. Novel Lentiviral Vectors
III. Emerging Concepts in Gene Therapy for Nerve Repair
A. Neurovascular Cross-Talk in the PNS
B. AAV-Transduced Muscle Scaffolds
C. Scwhann Cells: An Overlooked Target in the PNS
IV. Conclusions
References
Chapter 21: Use of Stem Cells for Improving Nerve Regeneration
I. Nerve Repair and Regeneration
II. Schwann Cells for Nerve Regeneration
III. Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine
IV. Stem Cells for Nerve Regeneration
V. Conclusions
References
Chapter 22: Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
I. Consequences of Nerve Injury
II. Unique Properties of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells
III. OECs in Spinal Cord Injury
IV. OECs in Peripheral Nerve Repair and Contribution of OEC Transplantation to Peripheral Nerve Repa
V. Challenges in Cell-Therapy Approaches for Peripheral Nerve Repair
VI. Prospects of Cell-Based Clinical Approaches
References
Chapter 23: Manual Stimulation of Target Muscles has Different Impact on Functional Recovery after I
I. Introduction
II. Manual Stimulation
A. Effects of MS on Functional Recovery After Facial Nerve Injury
B. Effects of MS on Functional Recovery After Hypoglossal Nerve Injury
C. Effects of MS on Functional Recovery After Injury of a Mixed Peripheral Nerve
III. Discussion
References
Chapter 24: Electrical Stimulation for Improving Nerve Regeneration: Where do we Stand?
I. Introduction
II. Basis for Poor Functional Recovery After Nerve Injury and Repair
III. The Potential of Brief Electrical Stimulation for Accelerating Axon Regeneration
A. Wallerian Degeneration and Staggered Axon Regeneration into the Distal Nerve Stump
B. Electrical Stimulation Accelerates Axon Outgrowth in Nerve Injury
IV. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 25: Phototherapy in Peripheral Nerve Injury: Effects on Muscle Preservation and Nerve Regene
I. Introduction
II. Phototherapy in Denervated Muscle Preservation
A. Creatine Kinase (CK) Activity in Intact and Denervated Rat Gastrocnemius Muscle
B. Acetylcholine Receptors Synthesis in Intact and Denervated Rat Gastrocnemius Muscle
C. Is Laser Phototherapy Damaging to the Muscle?
D. Can Laser Phototherapy Prevent Denervation Muscle Atrophy?
III. Phototherapy in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
A. Incomplete Peripheral Nerve Injury
1. Experimental Peripheral Nerve Crush Injury
B. Complete Peripheral Nerve Injury
1. Regeneration of the Transected Sciatic Nerve in Rat After Primary Anastomosis
2. Median Nerve Regeneration in the Rat After End-to-Side Anastomosis
3. Regeneration of the Sciatic Nerve in the Rat After Complete Segmental Loss andNeurotube Reconstru
IV. Phototherapy on Nerve Cell Growth In Vitro as a Potential Procedure for Cell Therapy
V. 780-nm Laser Phototherapy in Clinical Trial
A. Laser Dosage
VI. Conclusions
References
Chapter 26: Age-Related Differences in the Reinnervation after Peripheral Nerve Injury
I. Introduction
II. Age-Related Changes in the PNS
III. Ageing and Reinnervation After Peripheral Nerve Injury
A. Aging and Axon Regeneration After Peripheral Nerve Injury
B. Ageing and Collateral Sprouting of Uninjured Axons
C. Are All Subpopulations of Peripheral Neurons Equally Affected by Aging?
IV. Possible Reasons for Impaired Reinnervation with Aging
A. Survival of Aged Noninjured and Injured Neurons
B. Regenerating and Sprouting Capacity of Aged Neurons
C. Responsiveness of Aged Regenerating and Sprouting Axons to the Pathway- or Target-Derived Neurotr
D. Alterations in the Aged Peripheral Neural Pathways and Target Tissues
V. Conclusions
References
Chapter 27: Neural Plasticity After Nerve Injury and Regeneration
I. Introduction
II. Neuronal Survival and Reaction to Axotomy
A. Changes in Ion Channels and Excitability in Injured Neurons
B. Synaptic Plasticity of Axotomized Neurons
III. Plastic Changes and Remodeling at the Spinal Cord
A. Changes in Spinal Reflexes After Nerve Lesions
B. Remodeling of Spinal Cord Projections and Circuits
IV. Plastic Changes and Reorganization at Cortical and Subcortical Levels
A. Reorganization at Subcortical Levels
B. Reorganization of Somatosensory Cortex
C. Reorganization of Motor Cortex
D. Mechanisms of Cortical and Subcortical Plasticity
V. Remodeling CNS Plasticity
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 28: Future Perspective in Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction
I. Introduction
II. Intracellular Signaling
III. Development of Nerve Repair and Reconstruction
IV. Nerve Reconstruction: Technique and Alternatives
V. Signal Transduction in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
A. The Injury Signal and the Cell Body Reaction
B. Extrinsic Properties Required for Axon Growth and Target Finding
VI. Nanotechnology and Nerve Regeneration
A. Nanostructures for Neurite Regeneration
B. Neurites and Topography: From Micro to Nano
C. Why Nanostructures?
D. From Cell Reactions to Nanostructures In Vitro to Nerve Regeneration Applications
VII. Clinical Development: Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments

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