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ISBN 10: 3709105226
ISBN 13: 978-3709105221
Author: Serge Abrate
The book provides an introduction to the mechanics of composite materials, written for graduate students and practitioners in industry. It examines ways to model the impact event, to determine the size and severity of the damage and discusses general trends observed during experiments.
Introduction to the Mechanics of Composite Materials
1- Stress
1.1- Stress Components Acting on a Small Element
1.2- Surface Tractions on an Arbitrary Surface
1.3- Equations of Motion
2- Strain
2.1- Linear Strains
2.2- Shear Strains
3- Stress-Strain Behavior
3.1- Hooke's Law
3.2- Poisson's Ratio
3.3- Stress-Strain Relation in Shear
3.4- Stress-Strain Relations for an Orthotropic Solid
3.5- Stress-Strain Relations for a Lamina under Plane Stress
3.6- Coordinate Transformation
4- Failure Criteria for Composite Materials
4.1- Criteria for Fiber Failure
4.2- Criteria for Matrix Failure
4.3- Delamination Failure Criteria
4.4- Stress Invariants
4.5- Strain Energy Density for Isotropic Solids
4.6- Von Mises Criterion
4.7- Hill’s anisotropic criterion and extensions
4.8- Development of Quadratic Criteria
4.9- Three Dimensional Tsai-Wu Failure Criterion
4.10- Hoffman’s Criterion
4.11- Three-Dimensional Tsai-Hill Criterion
5- Criteria for Delamination Propagation
5.1- Fracture Mechanics Approach
5.2- Cohesive Element Approach
6- Summary
References
Mechanics of Plates
1- Derivation of the Equations of Motion in terms of Force and Moment Resultants
2- Kinematics Assumptions
3- Classical Plate Theory
3.1- Kinematics of the deformation
3.2- Constitutive Equations
3.3- Equations of Motion for the CPT
4- First Order Shear Deformation Theory
4.1- Kinematics of the Deformation
4.2- Constitutive Equations
5- Limitation of the CPT and the FSDT
6- Reddy Shear Deformation Theory
6.1- Kinematics of the Deformation
6.2- Constitutive Equations
7- Limitation of the CPT, FSDT and RSDT
8- Theories Including Deformations in the Transverse Direction
9- Dynamic Response
9.1- Free Vibrations
9.2- Modal Superposition
9.3- SDOF Model
10- Conclusion
11- Acknowledgements
References
Impact Dynamics
1- Introduction
2- Rigid Body Impacts
3- Quasi-Static Approximation
3.1- Single Degree of Freedom Model
3.2- Effect of the Weight of the Projectile
3.3- Effect of the Mass of the Structure
3.4- Effect of geometrical nonlinearities
3.5- Effect of damping
3.6- Effect of damage
4- Two Degree of Freedom Model
4.1- Contact Laws
4.2- Impact on a Thick Laminate
4.3- Two degree of freedom models
5- Complete Models
6- Impact on Sandwich Structures
6.1- Contact Behavior
Experimental Results
Beam on elastic foundation model for the indentation of a sandwich beam
6.2- SDOF impact models
6.3- Two Degree of Freedom Models
7- Conclusion
References
IMPACT RESPONSE OF LAMINATED AND SANDWICH COMPOSITES
ABSTRACT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 LOW VELOCITY IMPACT (LVI)
2.1 BACKGROUND
2.2 TEST EQUIPMENT
2.2.1 Izod and Charpy Impact Testing.
2.2.2 Instrumented Falling Weight Impact Testing.
2.3 IMPACT ENERGY
2.4 MODES OF FAILURE IN LOW-VELOCITY IMPACT
2.4.1 Matrix damage.
2.4.2 Delamination.
2.4.3 Delamination initiation and interaction with matrix cracking.
2.4.4 Delamination growth.
2.4.5 Fiber failure.
2.4.6 Penetration.
2.4.7 Damage in randomly oriented fiber laminates.
2.5 IMPACTOR GEOMETRY AND MASS
2.6 OTHER PARAMETRIC TRENDS
2.7 THERMOSET AND THERMOPLASTIC MATRIX COMPOSITES
2.8 LOW VELOCITY IMPACT OF SANDWICH COMPOSITES
2.9 IMPACT PERFORMANCE OF COMPLEX GEOMETRY SPECIMENS
2.10 POST-IMPACT RESIDUAL STRENGTH
2.10.1 Residual tensile strength.
2.10.2 Residual compressive strength.
2.11 ENHANCING IMPACT DAMAGE TOLERANCE
3.0 INTERMEDIATE VELOCITY IMPACT
4.0 BALLISTIC IMPACT
4.1 GAS GUN
4.1.1 Firing Mechanism.
4.1.2 Firing Control and Valve.
4.1.3 Working Fluid.
4.1.4 Barrel.
4.1.5 Capture chamber.
4.1.6 Specimen Fixture.
4.1.7 Instrumentation.
4.2 UNIVERSAL RECEIVER
4.3 BALLISTIC IMPACT PARAMETERS
5.0 MATERIAL MODELS AND SIMULATION
5.1 COMPOSITE MATERIAL MODELS IN LS-DYNA
5.1.1 Progressive Failure of Composite Laminate (Material Model 161).
5.1.2 Progressive Failure of a Composite - Material model 162.
5.2 MATERIAL PROPERTY INPUTS TO MAT161/162
6.0 QUASI-STATIC PUNCH SHEAR (QS-PST) and BALLISTIC RESPONSE
6.1 QUASI-STATIC PUNCH SHEAR TESTING
6.2 QUASI-STATIC PUNCH COMPARISON TO BALLISTIC IMPACT
7.0 BALLISTIC IMPACT SIMULATION
7.1 NUMERICAL APPROACH
7.1.1 Simulation Tools.
7.1.2 Numerical model.
7.1.3 Material model.
7.1.4 Contact Type.
7.1.5 Progressive Damage and Damage Parameters.
7.2 IMPACT SIMULATIONS AND COMPARISON TO EXPERIMENTS
7.2.1 Damage Simulation.
7.3 BALLISTIC IMPACT OF A SANDWICH COMPOSITE
7.3.1 Modeling of a Sandwich Plate.
7.3.2 Wood material model.
7.3.3 0.30 caliber impact.
7.3.4 0.50 caliber impact.
7.3.5 Energy dissipation in .30 and .50 caliber impact – Laminate versus Sandwich
8.0 HIGH STRAIN RATE TESTING
8.1 DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
8.2 THEORY
8.2.1 Pulse Shaping.
8.2.2 Repeated Loading and Recovery Hopkinson Bar.
8.3 HIGH STRAIN RATE OF LAMINATED AND SANDWICH COMPOSITES
8.3.1 Weave Architecture.
8.3.2 Temperature Effects.
8.3.3 Off-axis plies.
8.3.4 Sandwich Composites.
9.0 NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION (NDE) OF IMPACT DAMAGE
9.1 VISUAL INSPECTION
9.2 WITNESS PLATE
9.3 ULTRASONIC TESTING
9.4 X-RAY PHOTOGRAPHY AND MICROTOMOGRAPHY
9.5 OPTICAL INTERFEROMETRY
9.6 ACOUSTIC IMPACT
9.7 VIBRATION BASED NDE
9.8 ACOUSTIC EMISSION
9.9 POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE (PVDF), FIBER OPTICS
9.10 THERMOGRAPHY
10.0 SUMMARY
11.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
12.0 REFERENCES
Vehicle Crashworthiness Design – General Principles and Potentialities of Composite Material Struc
1 - Introduction
2 - Mechanics of the Vehicle Collision.
2.1 Crash tests and main international regulations
2.1.1 - EC 96/79 front impact test
2.1.2 - EC 96/27 side impact test
2.1.3 - ECE 32/34 rear impact test
2.1.4 - Pedestrian impact test
2.1.5 - The EuroNCAP program
2.1.5.1 - EURO-NCAP rating - front impact test
2.1.5.2 - EURO-NCAP rating - side impact test
2.1.6 - The FMVSS201 standard.
3 - Primer on the Structure Crash.
3.1 - Vehicle front structure.
3.2 - Considerations on the use of UHS steels and composite materials,
3.3 - Vehicle body panels.
3.4 - Passenger compartment.
4 - Primer on Restraint Systems.
5 - Dummies for Crash Test and Biomechanical Parameters.
5.1- Dummy for frontal crash tests.
5.2 - EuroSID-1 Dummy
5.3 - Injury criteria
5.3.1 - Head Injury Criterion (HIC)
5.3.2 - Maximum Head Acceleration
5.3.3 - Injury criteria for the neck (NIC & Nij)
5.3.4 - Maximum Chest Acceleration
5.3.5 - Chest Compression Criterion
5.3.6 - Viscous Criterion (VC)
5.3.7 - Femur injury criterion.
5.3.8 - Tibia Index (TI)
6 - Composite Structures for Vehicle Applications.
6.1 - Vehicle front beams.
6.2 - Rear impact absorbing structure for a Formula 1 racing car.
6.3 - Frontal sacrificial structure for a Formula One racing car.
6.4 - A new hood composite structure optimised for pedestrian safety.2
6.4.1 - Introduction.
6.4.2 - Concept design process
6.4.3 - Hood geometry and requirements
6.4.4 - Reinforcement design problem
6.4.4.1 - Hood-pedestrian head impact simulation.
6.5 - Conclusions
7. - References
The Impact Resistance of Fiber Metal Laminates and Hybrid Materials
1- Introduction
2- Rate Effects in Fiber-metal Laminates
2.1- Strain Rate Effects at the Composite-metal Interface.
2.2- Rate Effects in Glass Fiber-based FMLs
2.3- Rate Effects in Kevlar and Carbon-based FMLs
3- Low Velocity Impact Response of FMLs
Summary
4- High Velocity Impact Response of FMLs
Summary
5- Conclusions
References
Ballistic Impacts on Polymer Matrix Composites, Composite Armor, Personal Armor
1 Introduction
2 The Importance of Lightness in Ballistic Protection: a Historical Perspective
2.1 The Interest of Lightness in Ballistic Protection
2.2 Metallic Materials for Lightweight Ballistic Protections
2.3 High Performance Fiber Armors
2.4 Dual-Hardness Armor
3 The Threat: Handgun Bullets, Rifle Bullets, Heavy Gun Projectiles and Fragments
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Handgun and Rifle Bullets
3.3 Heavy Gun Projectiles
3.4 Fragments
4 Testing Armors: Experimental Methodologies and Standards
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Experimental Methodologies
4.3 Standards
5 Fiber Armors
5.1 Fibers
5.1.1 Glass fiber
5.1.2 Para-aramids
5.1.3 HMPE
5.1.4 PBO
5.1.5 M5
5.2 Yarns
5.3 Assembling Fibers and Yarns: Woven, Non-Woven and Prepreg Fabrics
5.3.1 Woven fabrics
5.3.2 Non-woven fabrics
5.3.3 Prepregs fibers
5.4 Influence of the Areal Density on the Ballistic Performance of Fiber Armors
6 Ceramic-Faced Armors
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Efficiency of Ceramics as Protective Materials
6.3 Penetration Strength of the Ceramic
6.4 Applying the Tate-Alekseevskii Model to the DOP Test: Determining R t for the Ceramic Material
6.5 Performance of Ceramic/Faced Armors Against Ballistic Impact
7 Modeling the Impact Behavior of Fiber Armors and Ceramic-Faced Armors
7.1 Analytical Modeling of Fiber Armors and Ceramic-Faced Armors
7.1.1 Fiber armors
7.1.2 Ceramic-faced armors
7.2 Numerical Modeling of Fiber Armors and Ceramic-Faced Armors
7.2.1 Fiber armors
7.2.2 Ceramic-faced armors
7.3 Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networks
8 Oblique Impact and Its Simulation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Modeling Oblique Impact
8.3 Ricochet Induced by Brittle and Lightweight Materials
9 New Developments in Ballistic Protection Armors
10 Concluding Remarks
Annex: Basic Ballistic Terminology
References
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Tags: Serge Abrate, Impact Engineering, Composite Structures
