Most ebook files are in PDF format, so you can easily read them using various software such as Foxit Reader or directly on the Google Chrome browser.
Some ebook files are released by publishers in other formats such as .awz, .mobi, .epub, .fb2, etc. You may need to install specific software to read these formats on mobile/PC, such as Calibre.
Please read the tutorial at this link: https://ebookbell.com/faq
We offer FREE conversion to the popular formats you request; however, this may take some time. Therefore, right after payment, please email us, and we will try to provide the service as quickly as possible.
For some exceptional file formats or broken links (if any), please refrain from opening any disputes. Instead, email us first, and we will try to assist within a maximum of 6 hours.
EbookBell Team
4.7
36 reviewsBackground: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common anatomical malformation among live-born infants and has been linked to various prenatal factors. Maternal sleep disturbances, a common issue during pregnancy, have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and neonatal health problems. However, epidemiological evidence on the association between maternal sleep disturbances and the risk of CHD in offspring remains limited and inconclusive.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association between maternal sleep disturbances during pregnancy and the risk of CHD in offspring.Methods: A total of 8514 mother-child pairs from the Early Life Plan cohort were included in this study. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep characteristics during the first trimester of pregnancy. CHD was diagnosed through ultrasound. Logistic regression models were employed to analyze the association between maternal sleep problems during pregnancy and the risk of CHD in offspring.Results: Poor maternal sleep quality (OR = 1.58, 95 % CI: 1.04–2.40) and short sleep duration (OR = 1.59, 95 % CI: 1.06–2.38) were both significantly associated with an increased risk of CHD in offspring. Subgroup analysis revealed that poor sleep quality was significantly associated with a higher risk of CHD in male offspring (OR =1.75, 95 % CI: 1.04–2.96), but this association was not significant in female offspring. Among mothers with a habit of daytime napping, shorter sleep duration (<7 h) was significantly associated with a higher risk of CHD (OR = 1.82, 95 % CI: 1.06–3.14). When examining sleep duration as a continuous parameter, longer sleep duration was associated with lower risk of CHD (OR = 0.81, 95 % CI: 0.66–0.98) in daytime napping group.Conclusions: Poor sleep quality and short sleep duration during pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of CHD in offs
