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0 reviewsGrain number per panicle critically determines rice yield. Although many1234567890():,;1234567890():,;underlying genes have been reported, yet the molecular mechanisms linkingethylene to panicle development remain unclear. Here, we identify GRAINNUMBER PER PANICLE 3 (GNP3) as a regulator of GNP through genome-wideassociation study (GWAS) combined with map-based cloning. GNP3 encodes aMITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASE KINASE 22 (OsMKKK22) thatphosphorylates S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase 1 (SAMS1), triggering itsdegradation to suppress ethylene biosynthesis. Ethylene overaccumulation ingnp3−1 mutants reduces grain number, while GNP3 overexpression enhancespanicle branching and grain yield by lowering ethylene levels. We demonstratethat a natural haplotype GNP3Hap-Tprevalent in indica subspecies strengthensGNP3-SAMS1 interaction, accelerating SAMS1 degradation and improvinggrain number. Furthermore, overexpressing GNP3 increases grain yield byapproximately 20% in field plot conditions. Our findings unveil a MAPKethylene regulatory module and highlight GNP3Hap-T as a valuable geneticresource for breeding high-yield rice.
