Neonatal Cerebral Investigation 1st Edition by Janet M Rennie ISBN 0521838487 9780521838481 by Janet M. Rennie, Cornelia F. Hagmann, Nicola J. Robertson 0521838487, 9780521838481 instant download after payment.

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ISBN 10: 0521838487 
ISBN 13: 9780521838481
Author: Janet M Rennie

Neonatal Cerebral Investigation reviews all aspects of the investigation of the neonatal brain, bringing together diagnostic and prognostic information in a highly illustrated and practical text. An introductory section covers the basic principles of ultrasound, EEG, CFM and MR imaging and spectroscopy. These chapters are followed by a detailed review of normal neonatal imaging appearances and normal EEG, artefactual imaging appearances and imaging of various stages of the immature brain. Subsequent chapters discuss pre-term and term screening and review the imaging appearances in a variety of clinical conditions such as suspected seizure, suspected infection and enlarging head. Highly illustrated with over 400 ultrasound and MRI scans and EEG and CFM traces and providing detailed diagnostic and prognostic information on a wide range of clinical problems, Neonatal Cerebral Investigation provides the reader with a comprehensive overview of all aspects of investigation of the newborn baby with a potential neurological problem.

Neonatal Cerebral Investigation 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1 Principles of ultrasound
Discovery of ultrasound
Ultrasound waves: basic principles
Echo location
Methods of displaying located echo information
A-mode
B-mode
3D imaging
Time-gain compensation
Resolution
Axial resolution
Lateral resolution
Contrast resolution
Temporal resolution
Doppler ultrasound
The Doppler equation
Continuous wave Doppler probes
Pulsed Doppler instruments
Aliasing
Doppler signal processing
Color flow Doppler
Safety of ultrasound
References
Chapter 2 Principles of EEG
Introduction
The electroencephalogram
Technology of EEG recording
Recording the neonatal EEG
Electrode application
Measurement of the electrocardiogram
Measurement of respiration
Measurement of the electrooculogram
Measurement of the electromyogram
Neonatal EEG acquisition
Artifacts
EEG phenomenology
EEG frequencies
Abnormal waveforms
The CFM and amplitude integrated EEG (aEEG)
References
Chapter 3 Principles of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy
Nuclear magnetic resonance ? a historical perspective
Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
The fundamentals of magnetic resonance
Signal generation and detection
Relaxation
The spin echo
Selective RF pulses
Instrumentation
Magnets
Gradient and ??shim?? coils
MRI probeheads (coils)
Preamplifiers
Scanner room
Radiofrequency power amplifier and gradient amplifier and RF receiver
Operator console
Magnetic resonance imaging
Spatial discrimination
MRI pulse sequences and spatial encoding
Spatial resolution and sensitivity
Image contrast
Proton density (PD)
Magnetization transfer (MT)
Flow
Diffusion
Quantitative MRI
DWI and diffusion tensor imaging
Fiber tracking
T2 relaxometry
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Chemical shift
Free induction decay and spectrum
Cerebral metabolites detectable by 1H MRS
Cerebral metabolites detectable by 31P MRS
Homonuclear and heteronuclear coupling
Spectrum acquisition and localization
Pulse acquire
Single-voxel localization
Water suppression
MRS imaging (MRSi)
Phase modulation
Spectrum analysis
The information obtainable
Advantages and disadvantages of increasing magnetic field strength
Common artifacts on magnetic resonance imaging
Signal mispositioning
Geometric distortions
Chemical-shift artifact
Gradient non-linearity
Aliasing
Solutions
Signal-intensity and contrast variations
Signal drop out
Partial volume effects
Coil inhomogeneity
Motion and flow artifacts
Flow
Other artifacts
Gibbs ringing
RF interference
RF spikes
Safety of patients and staff
Static magnetic field
Pulsed magnetic gradients
RF power
Tissue heating
Burns
Acoustic noise
Emergency evacuation
Physiological monitoring and fluids
Oxygen
Contrast agents
Staff exposure
References
Section II Normal appearances
Chapter 4 Normal neonatal imaging appearances
Introduction
Performing a cranial ultrasound examination
Notes on the standard coronal sections
Coronal section 1: frontal lobes (Fig. 4.4a?e)
Coronal section 2: anterior frontal horns of the lateral ventricles (Fig. 4.5a?e)
Coronal section 3: level of the third ventricle (Fig. 4.7a?e)
Coronal section 4: level of the cerebellum (Fig. 4.9a?e)
Coronal section 5: level of the trigone (Fig. 4.10a?e)
Coronal section 6: level of the occiptal lobes (Fig. 4.11a?e)
Midline sagittal (7) (Fig. 4.12a?e)
Angled parasagittal (8) (Fig. 4.13a?e)
Tangential parasagittal (9) (Fig. 4.14a?e)
Axial section (10): level of the deep gray matter Fig. 4.15a?e)
Axial section (11): level of the corona radiata (Fig. 4.16a?e)
Axial section (12): level of the central sulcus (Fig. 4.17a?e)
Normal variation
Cavum septi pellucidi and cavum vergae
Cerebrospinal fluid spaces
Artifacts and common errors
Incorrect depth setting and/or not enough coupling gel
Incorrect setting of the time-gain compensation control
Acoustic shadow
Normal neonatal neurological examination
References
Chapter 5 The immature brain
Introduction
24 weeks (Fig. 5.3a?i)
26 weeks (Fig. 5.4a?i)
28 weeks (Fig 5.5a?i)
30 weeks (Fig. 5.6a?i)
32 weeks (Fig. 5.7a?i)
34 weeks (Fig. 5.8a?h)
36 weeks (Fig. 5.9a?i)
Term (Fig. 5.10a?i)
Myelination
Normative ultrasound data of the fetal corpus callosum
Normative ultrasound data of the fetal cavum septum pellucidum
Normative ultrasound data for subarachnoid spaces
Normative ultrasound data of the transverse cerebellar diameter
References
Chapter 6 The normal EEG and aEEG
Neonatal EEG: general features
Continuity
Amplitude or voltage
Frequency
Synchrony and symmetry
Maturational characteristics
State differentiation
Reactivity
The EEG of the full-term newborn baby
Sleep wake cycling
The EEG of the preterm baby
The effect of premature birth on EEG maturation
Sleep?wake states in the preterm baby
The effect of medication on the background activity of the neonatal EEG
Anticonvulsants and the neonatal EEG
The effects of other drugs on the neonatal EEG
The effect of oxygenation on the neonatal EEG
The normal aEEG
Conclusion
References
Section III Solving clinical problems and interpretation of test results
Chapter 7 The baby with a suspected seizure
Clinical manifestations of neonatal seizure
Incidence and epidemiology
Investigation of the baby with seizure
History taking in the baby with a suspected seizure
Clinical examination of the baby with a suspected seizure
The baby in whom there is a history of possible seizure
Laboratory tests in the baby with a seizure
Lumbar puncture
The EEG in neonatal seizure
General points about the EEG confirmation of neonatal seizure
The routine EEG in neonatal seizure
aEEG monitoring in neonatal seizures
Video-EEG monitoring
Cranial ultrasound imaging in neonatal seizure
MRI in neonatal seizure
Diagnostic categories resulting from investigation of neonatal seizure
Neonatal encephalopathy (see Chapter 8)
Focal cerebral infarction or ??perinatal arterial stroke??
Diagnosis, etiology, and prevalence
The EEG in neonatal stroke
Imaging diagnosis of neonatal stroke
Special investigations in babies with stroke
Treatment and prognosis of neonatal stroke
Extracranial hemorrhage
Subgaleal (subaponeurotic) hemorrhage
Intracranial hemorrhage
Etiology and prevalence
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Subdural hemorrhage
Epidural hematoma
Germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage in the preterm baby
Intraventricular hemorrhage in the term baby
Lobar hemorrhage
Thalamic hemorrhage
Cerebellar hemorrhage (see also Chapter 9)
Brainstem hemorrhage
Meningitis
Metabolic disease
Pyridoxine dependency
GLUT-1 deficiency (De Vivo syndrome)
Biotinidase deficiency
Cerebral malformations
Neonatal epileptic syndromes
Benign familial seizures
Benign non-familial neonatal seizures (fifth day fits)
Benign neonatal sleep myoclonus
Early myoclonic encephalopathy
Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE, Ohtahara syndrome)
Treatment of neonatal seizure
Prognosis of neonatal seizure
References
Chapter 8 The baby who was depressed at birth
Clinical presentation of birth depression
Investigation of the baby with birth depression
History
Family history, past obstetric history
Pregnancy
Labor and delivery
Examination
Laboratory tests
Lumbar puncture
The electroencephalogram
Cranial ultrasound
Magnetic resonance imaging
Diagnostic categories resulting from investigation of the baby with birth depression
Neonatal encephalopathy due to perinatal hypoxic ischemia
Terminology and prevalence
Physiology of hypoxic ischemia in the term newborn brain
Neuropathology of hypoxic ischemia
Clinical course of neonatal encephalopathy
EEG in neonatal encephalopathy
Amplitude integrated (aEEG) in neonatal encephalopathy
Cranial ultrasound in neonatal encephalopathy
Conventional MRI in neonatal encephalopathy
Quantitative MR techniques in NE
Treatment of neonatal encephalopathy
Prognosis of NE
Early NE (not due to hypoxic ischemia)
Intracranial hemorrhage
Sepsis
References
Chapter 9 The baby who had an ultrasound as part of a preterm screening protocol
Clinical presentation of preterm brain injury
Investigative screening methods
Ultrasound screening
Who?
When?
Why?
MRI screening
EEG screening
Diagnostic categories resulting from screening
Normal
Prognosis after normal imaging in the neonatal period
Germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage
Terminology and classification
Etiology
Incidence and timing
Natural history of GMH-IVH
Ultrasound and MRI appearances of GMH-IVH
Prognosis after imaging showing uncomplicated GMH-IVH in the neonatal period
Hemorrhagic parenchymal infarction and porencephalic cyst
Etiology
Incidence and timing
Natural history and prognosis
Ultrasound and MRI appearances

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