Obstetric Anesthesia Procedures Richard D Urman Alan David Kaye by Richard D Urman; Alan David Kaye 9780190099824, 9780190099848, 9780190099855, 0190099828, 0190099844, 0190099852, 2020041606, 2020041607 instant download after payment.

"Pregnancy is a normal maternal physiological state that is developed to accommodate and nurture the fetus and enable the mother during labor. Pregnancy engenders multiple systemic changes - whether it be hormonal, mechanical, or circulatory. The gravid uterus and the increase in progesterone and estrogen levels, attributes to the multi systemic changes. The increase in peptide hormones alters connective tissue characteristics leading to structural changes to the kidneys, ureters, ribcage, diaphragm, and abdominal compartments. Cardiac output, pulmonary blood flow, and circulating blood volume are all increased in response to rising metabolic demands. There are additionally significant changes in many biochemical lab results in comparison to the non-pregnant women. Awareness of those changes will not only enable clinicians to navigate normal pregnancy but also to identify critical pathological values that assist in the further management"--
“怀孕是一种正常的母体生理状态，旨在容纳和培育胎儿，并使母亲能够在分娩过程中发挥作用。怀孕会引起多种全身变化——无论是激素、机械还是循环系统的变化。妊娠子宫以及黄体酮和雌激素的增加水平，归因于多系统变化。肽激素的增加改变结缔组织特征，导致肾脏、输尿管、胸腔、膈肌和腹腔室的结构变化。心输出量、肺血流量和循环血量均增加为了应对不断增长的代谢需求。与非孕妇相比，许多生化实验室结果也发生了显着变化。对这些变化的认识不仅使临床医生能够指导正常妊娠，而且还可以识别关键的病理值，从而有助于进一步管理”——