Packaging Closures And Sealing Systems 1st Edition by Nigel Theobald ISBN 0849328071 9780849328077 by Theobald Nigel 9781405178730, 9781841273372, 1841273376, 0849328071 instant download after payment.

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ISBN 10: 0849328071 
ISBN 13: 9780849328077
Author: Nigel Theobald

The packaging closure is the primary interface between the product and the customer. Closures have undergone much evolution and development in recent years. The basic function of a closure is to allow easy access to a packaged product and to reclose the package, when the contents are not used fully in a single serve. However, closures are now expected to deliver a wide variety of additional functions, such as ensuring that the package has not been opened prior to the first opening by the consumer, facilitating the dispensing of the product (especially for food and pharmaceuticals) and supporting the brand equity value of the product. This volume considers the technologies relevant to packaging closures and sealing systems, structured by types of pack. It is directed at packaging technologists, those involved in the design and development of packaging and those who specify or purchase packaging.

Packaging Closures And Sealing Systems 1st Table of contents:

1 Introduction
1.1 General introduction
1.2 Market size
1.3 Choice of material for containers and closures
1.3.1 Metals
1.3.1.1 Tin
1.3.1.2 Aluminium
1.3.2 Glass
1.3.3 Paper materials
1.3.3.1 Paper
1.3.3.2 Cartonboard
1.3.3.3 Corrugated board
1.3.4 Plastics
1.3.4.1 Polyethylene
1.3.4.2 Polyethylene terephthalate
1.3.4.3 Polypropylene
1.3.4.4 Polystyrene
1.3.4.5 Other plastics materials
1.4 General functions of packaging
1.5 Closures
1.5.1 Role of the closure
1.5.2 General considerations in choosing a closure
1.5.3 Types of hazards for a container closure
1.5.3.1 Biological hazards
1.5.3.2 Moisture
1.5.3.3 Dust and dirt
1.5.3.4 Light
1.5.3.5 Product interaction
1.6 Manufacturing considerations
1.6.1 Machinery
1.6.2 Closure handling
1.6.3 Lightweighting
1.6.4 Stock versus custom
1.7 Legislation and testing
1.7.1 Legislation
1.7.2 Testing
1.7.2.1 Investigational testing
1.7.2.2 Comparative testing
1.7.2.3 Assessment testing
1.7.3 Child resistance
1.8 Environmental considerations
1.8.1 Life cycle analysis
1.8.2 The basic ‘rules’ for the environmental considerations
1.8.2.1 Recycle
1.8.2.2 Reuse
1.8.2.3 Reduce
1.8.2.4 Recover
1.9 Conclusion
2 The design of packaging closures
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Overview of chapter
2.1.2 The many faces of packaging
2.1.2.1 Functions of packaging
2.1.3 Openability and usability
2.2 Scope of the problem
2.2.1 Accidents and injuries
2.2.2 Child-resistant closures
2.2.2.1 Child (and adult?)-proof closures
2.2.3 Quality of life
2.2.4 Age and health
2.2.5 Social responsibility
2.2.6 Environmental issues
2.2.7 Aesthetics and fun
2.3 Ergonomics and the science of design
2.3.1 Inclusive design
2.3.2 The design process
2.3.3 Good design – a consequence of good designers?
2.3.4 Function versus form
2.4 Physical constraints and issues
2.4.1 Age
2.4.2 Physical strength
2.4.3 Motor functions and child-resistant closures
2.4.4 Disability
2.5 Cognitive constraints and issues
2.5.1 Sensation and perception
2.5.2 Perceptual affordances
2.5.3 Affordances and packaging
2.5.3.1 Strong and weak affordances
2.5.3.2 True and false affordances
2.5.3.3 Sources of variability in the perception of affordances
2.5.4 Attention and information processing
2.5.4.1 Controlled versus automatic processing
2.5.4.2 Controlled processing
2.5.4.3 Automatic processing
2.5.5 Human errors
2.6 Individual differences
2.6.1 Decision making
2.6.1.1 Effect on re-purchasing decisions
2.6.1.2 If it’s the last thing I do ...risky decision making
2.6.2 Personality and mood
2.6.2.1 The neurotic consumer
2.6.2.2 Extroverted,impulsive and time-hungry consumers
2.7 Packaging-related constraints and issues
2.7.1 Packaging materials
2.7.1.1 Metal
2.7.1.2 Glass
2.7.1.3 Plastic
2.7.1.4 Other packaging materials
2.7.2 Opening instructions
2.7.3 Use of tools
2.8 Conclusion
2.8.1 The consumer’s perspective
2.8.2 Problematic packaging
2.8.3 Problems assessing the openability of packaging closures
2.8.3.1 How can we help designers?
Acknowledgements
References
3 Closures for metal containers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials and methods used for construction of metal containers and closures
3.2.1 Materials used for metal containers and closures
3.2.1.1 Steel
3.2.1.2 Aluminium
3.2.1.3 Coatings,inks and film laminates
3.2.2 Container and closure construction methods
3.2.2.1 Closures
3.3 Closures for performance containers (heat processed or normally pressurised containers)
3.3.1 Introduction and overview of section
3.3.2 The effects of heat processing on container and closure
3.3.2.1 Heat-processing cycle for metal cans
3.3.3 Types of heat processed or pressurised cans on which double seams are used
3.3.4 Ends for double seaming
3.3.5 Mechanical double seaming of ends onto can bodies
3.3.6 Opening systems for double seamed ends
3.3.7 Heat-sealed lids for metal containers
3.3.7.1 Lids heat sealed directly onto light-gauge metal can bodies
3.3.7.2 Double seamed end with integral heat-sealed peelable diaphragm
3.3.8 Vacuum cans for food
3.3.9 Bottle-shaped re-sealable can for drinks with screw cap
3.4 Closures for GL performance containers (air/vacuum/liquid tight only)
3.4.1 Introduction and overview of section
3.4.2 Types of containers to which these closures are fitted
3.4.3 Round cylindrical cans (three-and two-piece)
3.4.3.1 Lever lid
3.4.3.2 Plug lid
3.4.3.3 Easy-open ends
3.4.3.4 Slip lid on drawn container body
3.4.3.5 Double seamed end with circular aperture
3.4.4 Round conical pails –three-piece welded
3.4.4.1 Castellated/bouchon design
3.4.4.2 Tulipe design
3.4.4.3 Euroso design
3.4.4.4 UN design with toggle-type locking band
3.4.5 Round-tapered two-piece drawn vacuum tins for ink
3.4.6 Drums (up to 30-litre capacity)
3.4.7 Non-round containers
3.4.8 Vacuum containers for tobacco (rectangular, round)
3.4.9 Pour spout dispensing systems for GL performance containers
3.5 Closures for GL non-performance containers (not liquid tight)
3.5.1 Introduction and overview of section
3.5.2 Types of containers to which these closures are fitted
3.5.3 Types of closures fitted to GL decorative containers
3.5.3.1 Slip lid
3.5.3.2 Plug lid
3.5.3.3 Lever lid
3.5.3.4 Hinge lid
3.5.3.5 Powder-dispensing systems
3.6 Conclusion
4 Closures for glass containers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 SWOT analysis for glass
4.2.1 Strengths
4.2.2 Weaknesses
4.2.3 Opportunities
4.2.4 Threats
4.3 Methods of manufacture of glass containers
4.3.1 Blow/blow
4.3.2 Press/blow
4.3.3 Narrow-neck press blow
4.4 Sealing methods
4.4.1 Simple seals
4.4.2 Crimp seals
4.4.2.1 Removable crimp seals
4.4.2.2 Permanent crimp seals
4.4.3 Diaphragm seals
4.4.3.1 Adhesive bond
4.4.3.2 Induction welding
4.4.3.3 Radio frequency welding
4.4.4 Corks and bungs
4.4.4.1 Corks
4.4.4.2 Bungs
4.4.5 Crown corks
4.4.6 Screw caps
4.4.6.1 Push on–twist off caps
4.4.6.2 Tinplate caps
4.4.6.3 Aluminium caps
4.4.6.4 Plastic caps
4.4.6.5 Ring pull
4.4.7 Child resistance
4.4.8 Dispensing systems
4.4.8.1 Rotary systems
4.4.8.2 Shake dispensers
4.4.8.3 Plug
4.4.8.4 Anti-drip
4.4.9 Pumps
4.4.9.1 Aerosol pumps
4.4.9.2 Pump pack (lever and push button)
4.4.9.3 Pumps (pressure priming)
4.4.10 Vials/ampoules
4.4.11 Spun seals
4.5 Conclusion
5 Composite containers
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Gable top cartons
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Container making/sleeve production
5.2.3 Base closure
5.2.4 Fill
5.2.5 Top closure
5.2.6 Materials
5.2.6.1 Board
5.2.6.2 Polyethylene
5.2.6.3 Barrier
5.2.7 Shelf life
5.2.8 Easy-open fitments
5.3 Brick-shaped cartons
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Reel fed (Tetra Brik)
5.3.2.1 Reel fed pack – pack forming
5.3.2.2 Reel fed cartons – filling and closing
5.3.2.3 Reel fed – pack shaping
5.3.3 Sleeve-fed system (Combibloc)
5.3.3.1 Sleeve production
5.3.3.2 Sleeve fed – pack forming and base closing
5.3.3.3 Sleeve fed – filling
5.3.3.4 Sleeve fed – top closure
5.3.4 Brick shape carton materials
5.3.4.1 Paperboard
5.3.4.2 Polyethylene
5.3.5 Shelf life
5.3.6 Easy-open/re-close fitments
5.4 Aseptic filling
5.4.1 The aseptic process
5.4.2 Sterility
5.4.3 Aseptic packaging
5.4.3.1 Sterilisation of packaging material
5.4.3.2 Creation of sterile environment
5.4.3.3 Production of hermetic closures
5.5 Round containers – convolute
5.5.1 Convolute production
5.5.1.1 Production of blanks
5.5.1.2 Container making and base closure
5.5.1.3 Top rim
5.5.2 Top closure
5.5.3 Filling
5.5.4 Materials
5.6 Round containers – spiral tubes
5.6.1 Introduction
5.6.2 Container making and materials
5.6.3 Top closure
5.6.3.1 Push fit lid
5.6.3.2 Outward bead diaphragm
5.6.3.3 Recessed membrane
5.6.4 Base closure
5.6.4.1 Metal seamed base
5.6.4.2 Folded paper base
5.6.4.3 Bead and insert
5.6.5 Fill – dry products
5.6.6 Shelf life – dry products
5.7 Environmental – recovery and recycling
5.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
6 Closures for plastic bottles and tubs
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Plastic bottle necks
6.1.2 Plastic tub seals
6.2 Screw closures
6.3 Sealing media
6.3.1 Linerless seals
6.3.2 Liner seals
6.4 Application methods
6.5 Push-on closures
6.5.1 Sealing media
6.5.2 Methods of application
6.6 Flip top and sports closures
6.6.1 Methods of application
6.7 Tamper-evident devices
6.8 Child-resistant closures
6.8.1 Methods of sealing
6.8.2 Methods of application
6.9 Roll-on pilfer-proof closures
6.10 Spray pumps
6.10.1 Methods of sealing
6.10.2 Methods of application
6.11 Dispensing pumps
6.12 Secondary seals
6.13 Conclusion
7 Push-on closures
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Push-on closures
7.1.2 Snap-on closures
7.2 Closure function
7.3 Metal closures
7.3.1 Push-on, pry-off closures
7.3.2 Crown cork closures
7.3.3 Push-on, pull-off closures
7.4 Plastic closures
7.4.1 Snap-on closures
7.4.2 Hinge lid closures
7.4.3 Push-on, twist-off closures
7.5 Closures for tubs
7.5.1 Vacuum-formed lids
7.5.2 Injection-moulded lids
7.6 Conclusions
8 Flexible packaging closures and sealing systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Sealing layers and special additives
8.2.1 Anti-static
8.2.2 Anti-fog
8.2.3 Blends
8.2.4 Co-extrudates
8.2.5 Colouring
8.2.6 Friction
8.2.7 Gas barrier
8.2.8 Hot tack
8.2.9 Low sealing temperature and short sealing time
8.2.10 Heat treatment
8.3 Sealing technologies
8.3.1 Impulse sealing
8.3.2 Constant heat
8.4 Types of seal
8.4.1 Fin seal
8.4.2 Lap seal
8.4.3 Peelable seals
8.5 Packaging machine
8.5.1 VFFS (vertical form-fill-seal,also called trans wrap)
8.5.2 Sealing problems and trouble shooting on trans-wrap machines
8.5.3 HFFS (horizontal form-fill-seal,also called flow pack)
8.5.4 Deep drawing
8.5.5 Sheet cut-off
8.5.6 Four-side seal
8.6 Sealing problems
8.7 Pattern cold seal
8.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
9 Child resistance, tamper evidence and openability
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Child resistance
9.2.1 Non-reclosable single dose
9.2.2 Strip packs
9.2.3 Turn and lift
9.2.4 Push and turn caps
9.2.5 Squeeze and turn
9.2.6 Combination of child resistance and tamper evidence
9.3 Tamper evidence
9.3.1 ROPP caps
9.3.2 Tear band caps
9.3.3 Tear ring
9.3.4 Tear band
9.3.5 Tamper-evident labels
9.3.6 Complete over-wrap
9.3.7 Carton
9.3.8 Holograms
9.3.9 Diaphragm seals
9.4 Openability
9.4.1 Can openability
9.4.2 Flexible packs
9.4.3 Tear tapes
9.4.4 Cold seal
9.4.5 Diaphragm seals
9.4.6 Vacuum formings
9.4.7 Bottles and jars
9.4.8 Cartons
9.5 Conclusion
9.6 Regulations
Index

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Tags: Nigel Theobald, Closures, Sealing