Physics and Chemistry of the Earth s Interior Crust Mantle and Core 1st Edition by Alok Krishna Gupta ISBN 1493939866 9781493939862 by Alok K. Gupta, Somnath Dasgupta 9788184891966, 8184891962 instant download after payment.

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ISBN 10: 1493939866 
ISBN 13: 9781493939862
Author: Alok Krishna Gupta

The Indian National Science Academy was established in January 1935 with the objective of promoting science in India and harnessing scientific knowledge for the cause of humanity and national welfare. In 1968 it was designated as the adhering organisation in India to the International Council for Scientific Union (ICSU) on behalf of the Government of India. Over the years, the Academy has published a number of journals, volumes, biographical memoirs, etc. The year 2009–2010 will be specially celebrated to mark the Platinum Jubilee of the Academy. Many programmes are planned in different centres in India on this occasion. In addition, the Academy has decided to publish a number of special volumes on different s- jects ranging from earth sciences to life sciences. This volume is on Physics and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior. One of the main objectives of geophysicists is to establish the internal structure of the earth as revealed by seismic tomography. It is also their primary goal to correlate geophy- cal data to reveal thermal and chemical state of the crust, mantle and core of the earth. In - der to interpret seismic velocities and associated density and elastic properties in terms of mineralogical and petrological models of the earth’s interior, thermodynamic and hi- pressure temperature data from mineral physics are essential. With the advent of different types of multi-anvil and laser-heated diamond anvil equipment, it is now possible to simulate conditions prevalent even in the lower mantle and core of the earth.

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth s Interior Crust Mantle and Core 1st Table of contents:

1 Geophysical and Experimental Petrological Studies of the Earth’s Interior
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Crust
1.2.1 The Continental Crust
1.2.2 Oceanic Crust
1.3 Mantle
1.3.1 Peridotite with Compositions Similar to Chondritic Meteorite as a Possible Mantle Material
1.3.2 Various Seismic Discontinuities within the Mantle
1.3.2.1 Investigation of the system Mg2SiO4 - Fe2SiO4 at high pressure and temperature: its signific
1.3.2.2 High pressure-temperature stability of MgSiO3 system
1.3.2.3 The MgSiO3 - FeSiO3 system
1.3.2.4 Pressure-temperature phase relations in CaMgSi2O6
1.3.2.5 Pressure-temperature stability of garnet
1.3.2.6 Phase transitions of (Mg, Fe)O
1.3.3 Experimental Studies on Peridotites and Meteorites
1.3.3.1 Experimental study on a natural peridotite under high pressure and temperature
1.3.3.2 Experimental study of a chondrite up to 22 GPa and 2300ºC
1.3.3.3 Study of Allende meteorites under lower mantle P-T condition
1.3.4 Mantle Heterogeneity
1.3.5 Water Content in the Mantle
1.3.6 The D” Layer
1.4 Core of the Earth
1.5 References
2 Modelling of Metamorphic Textures with C-Space: Evidence of Pan-African High-grade Reworking in th
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Chilka Lake Anorthosite Complex (CLAC)
2.3 Reaction Textures and Phase Compositions
2.3.1 Sample #2K-28
2.3.2 Sample #CM10-2b
2.4 Modelling of Reaction Textures with C-Space Programme
2.4.1 Theory
2.4.2 Application of the C-Space Programme to Meta-anorthosite of the CLAC
2.4.2.1 Reaction modelling in sample #2K-28
2.4.2.2 Reaction modelling in sample #CM10-2b
2.5 Discussion
2.6 References
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
3 Orogenic Processes in Collisional Tectonics with Special Reference to the Himalayan Mountain Chain
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Orogens and Their Tectonic Structures
3.2.1 Orogen Topography
3.2.2 Geological Setting
3.2.3 Ductile Deformational Structures and Strain
3.2.3.1 Global strain field
3.2.3.2 Ductile structures in thrust sheets
3.2.3.3 Ductile deformation in shear zones
3.2.4 Large-scale Fault Systems
3.3 Crustal Flow in Orogens
3.3.1 Surface Velocity
3.3.2 Deep-crustal Flow
3.4 Orogenic Wedge Models
3.4.1 Preamble
3.4.2 Coulomb Wedge Models
3.4.3 Plastic Models
3.4.4 Viscous Wedge Model
3.5 Discussion
3.5.1 Orogenic Structures and Tectonic Modelling
3.5.2 Problem of Basement Shortening
3.5.3 Exhumation Processes and Orogenic Models
3.6 Concluding Remarks
3.7 References
4 Some Remarks on Melting and Extreme Metamorphism of Crustal Rocks
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Melting at the Extremes of the Metamorphic P-T Realm
4.3 Sources of Heat for High-grade Crustal Metamorphism and Melting
4.4 Microstructures Indicative of the Former Presence of Melt in Residual High-grade Metamorphic Roc
4.5 The Mechanism of Melt Extraction and Ascent in Continental Crust
4.6 The Melting Process in Crustal Rocks
4.6.1 The Initiation of Melting
4.6.2 Wet Melting
4.6.3 Hydrate-breakdown Melting
4.6.4 Implications for the Trace Element Chemistry of Melts, and for Zircon and Monazite Chronology
4.7 Phase Equilibria Modelling of Pelite and Aluminous Greywacke
4.7.1 Methodology
4.7.2 Modelling Melting of a Pelite Protolith Composition
4.7.3 Modelling Melting of a Peraluminous Greywacke Protolith Composition
4.7.4 Limitations of the Modelling
4.8 Importance of Melt Loss for Achieving Temperatures of UHTM
4.8.1 The Effect of Melt Loss on the Thermal Evolution
4.8.2 An Example: Interpretation of UHT Metamorphic Rocks from the Basement of the Peruvian Andes
4.9 Directions for Future Research
4.10 References
5 Closure Temperature, Cooling Age and High Temperature Thermochronology
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Closure Temperature and Mineral Age
5.2.1 General Concept
5.2.2 Dodson Formulation
5.2.3 Extension of Dodson Formulation by Ganguly and Tirone
5.2.4 Effects of Modal Abundance and Nature of Matrix Phase
5.2.5 Effect of Diffusion Anisotropy
5.3 Thermochronology
5.3.1 Resetting of Bulk Mineral Age
5.3.2 Spatial Variation of Age Within a Crystal
5.4 Selection of Mineral Grains for Dating
5.5 Conclusions
5.6 References
6 Thermobarometry Gone Astray
6.1 Introduction
6. 2 Empirical Thermobarometers
6.2.1 Chlorite Thermometry
6.2.1.1 Basis of the chlorite thermometer
6.2.1.2 Additional data on geothermal chlorite
6.2.1.3 TEM studies of low T “chlorite”
6.2.1.4 Phase equilibria for the chlorite thermometer
6.2.1.5 Applications of chlorite thermometry
6.2.2 Hornblende Barometry
6.2.2.1 Experimental calibration of the hornblende barometer
6.2.2.2 Other reactions for the hornblende barometer
6.2.3 Ti as a Thermobarometer in Silicates
6.2.3.1 Biotite Ti thermometry
6.2.3.1.2 Applications of the biotite Ti thermometer
6.2.4 Phengite Barometry
6.2.4.1 Sassi phengite barometry
6.2.4.2 Phase equilibria for phengite
6.2.4.3 Vidal phengite barometry
6.2.4.4 Applications of phengite barometry
6.2.4.5 Ionic phase equilibria for phengite
6.2.5 Transformations in Clay Minerals
6.2.5.1 TEM observations of clay minerals
6.2.5.2 Useful clay mineral thermometers
6.2.6 Transformations in CarbonaceousMaterials
6.3 Thermobarometers in the System CaOZrO2-TiO2-SiO2 (CazrtiQ)
6.3.1 Rutile Thermobarometer
6.3.2 Zircon Thermobarometer
6.3.2.1 TiO2 activity in metamorphic rocks
6.3.2.2 TiO2 activity in volcanic rocks
6.3.2.3 Other calibrations of the zircon thermometer
6.3.2.4 Applications of the zircon thermometer
6.3.3 Quartz Ti Thermometer (TitaniQ)
6.3.3.1 Pressure dependence of TitaniQ
6.3.3.2 Applications of TitaniQ
6.3.3.3 Future research on quartz thermometry
6.3.4 Sphene Thermobarometer
6.3.5 Partition of Ti and Zr Between Sphene and Rutile
6.3.6 Partition of Si and Ti Between Quartz and Zircon
6.3.7 Partition of Zr and Ti Between Zircon and Rutile
6.4 Other Empirical Thermometers for Trace Elements
6.5 Discussion
6.6 References
7 On Fluids in the Dynamic Earth
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Evidence for Ancient Fluid Pathways
7.3 Evidence for Ongoing Fluid Processes
7.4 Plumes as Gigantic Pipes to Transport Fluids
7.5 Entrance and Exit of Fluids
7.6 Movement of Volatiles
7.7 References
8 Laboratory Measurements of Ultrasonic Wave Velocities of Crustal Rocks at High Pressures and Tempe
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Experimental Techniques of Ultrasonic Wave Velocity Measurements
8.2.1 Pulse Transmission Technique
8.2.2 Pulse Reflection Technique with Pure-Mode Transducers
8.2.3 Pulse Reflection Technique with Dual Mode Transducers
8.3 Constraints on Crustal Composition of IBM Island Arc
8.3.1 Parent Magma Paradox
8.3.2 Velocity Structure
8.3.3 Linking Seismic Velocity to Lithology
8.3.4 Arc Crustal Lithology
8.3.5 Sub-moho Lithology
8.4 References
9 Seismic Imaging of the Mantle Discontinuities Beneath India: From Archean Cratons to Himalayan Sub
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Geological and Geophysical Framework
9.3 Data and Methodology
9.4 Discussion
9.4.1 Lehmann Discontinuity
9.4.2 410 km Discontinuity
9.4.3 475 km Discontinuity
9.4.4 660 km Discontinuity
9.4.5 Mantle Transition Zone Thickness
9.5 Conclusion
9.6 References
10 Models for Constraining Thermal Structure of the Indian Crust
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Heat Conduction Equation
10.3 Steady State Thermal Models
10.4 Transient Thermal Models
10.4.1 Evolution of Initial Thermal Fields
10.4.2 Basal Heating
10.4.3 Reordering of Heat Sources
10.4.4 Transient Uplift/Erosion Effects
10.4.5 Effects of Fluid Transport
10.5 Applications to the Indian Regions
10.6 Summary
10.7 References
11 Convection in the Earth’s Mantle
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Governing Equations
11.3 Analytical Solutions
11.4 Numerical Modelling
11.5 Applications to Mantle Dynamics
11.5.1 Effect of Viscosity Variations
11.5.2 Whole Versus Layered Mantle Convection
11.5.3 Effect of Boundary Layers
11.5.4 Plume Mode of Convection
11.6 Summary
11.7 References
12 Post-perovskite Phase: Findings, Structure and Property
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Stability of Silicate Perovskite and the Discovery of Post-perovskite Phase
12.3 Structure of Post-perovskite
12.4 Properties of Post-perovskite
12.5 References

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