chapter 1 Basic concepts and terms in power electronics

1.1 Conversion of electrical energy: Classification of converters

1.2 Output parameters and characteristics of converters

1.3 Influence of converters on the grid

1.4 Basic converter parameters

1.5 ac and dc filters

1.5.1 Dynamic processes in filters

References

chapter 2 Semiconductor power switches and passive components

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Power diodes

2.2.1 Power diodes with p+-n--n+structure

2.2.2 Schottky power diodes

2.2.3 Pulsed diodes

2.3 Power bipolar transistors

2.4 Thyristors

2.4.1 Controllable semiconductor switches with p-n-p-n structure

2.4.2 Power photothyristors

2.4.3 Symmetric thyristors

2.5 Switched thyristors

2.5.1 The GTO thyristor

2.5.2 Gate-commutated thyristors (GCTs, ETOs, MTOs)

2.5.3 The integrated GCT thyristor

2.5.4 The MOS-controlled thyristor

2.6 Field transistors

2.6.1 Powerful short-channel MOS transistors

2.6.2 CoolMOS technology

2.6.3 Static induction transistors

2.7 The IGBT

2.7.1 Epitaxial (PT) and homogeneous (NPT) IGBT structures

2.7.2 Trench-gate IGBT

2.7.3 The trench-FS and SPT

2.7.4 The CSTBT and SPT+

2.8 Switch modules

2.8.1 Topology of integrated power modules

2.8.2 Assembly of power modules

2.8.3 Connecting the module to the power circuit

2.9 Power assemblies

2.9.1 Integrated power modules

2.9.2 Intellectual power module

2.9.3 Power assemblies of basic topology (1/2B2, B2, B6) with a dc element and a cooling system

2.9.4 Power assemblies of B6U + B6I topology: Inverter platforms

2.9.5 Power bipolar assemblies

2.10 Applications of power switches

2.11 Cooling systems for semiconductor power devices

2.11.1 Radiators for air cooling

2.11.2 Radiators for liquid cooling

2.12 Promising developments in power electronics

2.12.1 Power switches based on SiC

2.12.2 Highly integrated power modules

2.13 Control of semiconductor power switches

2.14 Passive components

2.14.1 Introduction

2.14.2 Electromagnetic components

2.14.2.1 Basic characteristics of ferromagnetic materials

2.14.2.2 Influence of high frequencies and nonsinusoidal voltage on the operation of transformers and reactors

2.14.3 Capacitors: Basic definitions and characteristics

2.14.3.1 Influence of the form and frequency of the voltage on capacitor operation

References

chapter 3 Control of power electronic devices

3.1 Mathematical models

3.1.1 One-dimensional and multidimensional models

3.1.2 Linear and nonlinear systems―Linearization

3.1.3 Differential and matrix equations―Switching function

3.1.3.1 Equations in terms of deviations

3.1.3.2 Per-unit equations

3.1.4 Two-dimensional mathematical description of a three-phase circuit

3.1.4.1 Motionless Cartesian coordinate system ( α,β )

3.1.4.2 Rotating Cartesian coordinate system (d,q)

3.1.4.3 Converting the instantaneous power of a three-phase system to the power of a two-phase system

3.1.5 Laplace transformation and transfer function

3.1.6 Pulse modulation

3.1.7 Difference equations

3.1.8 Discrete Laplace transformation (Z-transformation)

3.2 Analysis of the electrical processes in power electronic devices

3.2.1 Analytical solution of differential equations

3.2.1.1 Solution of differential equations by Laplace transformation

3.2.2 Fitting method

3.2.3 Phase trajectories and the point-transformation method

3.2.4 The primary-component method

3.2.5 Stability

3.3 Control methods

3.3.1 Control problems and principles

3.3.2 Structure of control system

3.3.3 Linear control methods

3.3.3.1 Controller design for one-dimensional control systems

3.3.3.2 Controller design for multidimensional control systems

3.3.4 Relay control

3.3.5 Sliding-mode control

3.3.5.1 Sufficient conditions for the existence of sliding motion

3.3.6 Digital control

3.3.7 Predict control

3.3.8 Artificial intelligence in power electronics

3.3.8.1 Fuzzy logic

3.3.8.2 Neural networks

3.3.8.3 Genetic algorithms

Appendix 3A: Newton’s binomial formula

Appendix 3B: Solution of differential equations

References

chapter 4 Line-commutated converters

4.2 Rectifiers

4.2.1 The rectification principle

4.2.1.1 Circuit with active load

4.2.1.2 Circuit with resistive―inductive load

4.2.1.3 Counter-emf load

4.2.2 Basic rectification circuits

4.2.2.1 Single-phase circuit with center-tapped transformer

4.2.2.2 Single-phase bridge circuit

4.2.2.3 Three-phase circuit with center-tapped transformer

4.2.2.4 Three-phase bridge circuit

4.2.2.5 Multiple-bridge circuits

4.2.3 Characteristics of rectifiers

4.2.3.1 Output voltage ripple

4.2.3.2 Distortion of the input current

4.2.3.3 The commutation of the thyristors

4.2.3.4 External rectifier characteristic

4.2.3.5 Energy characteristics of rectifiers

4.3 Grid-tie inverters

4.3.1 Operating principle

4.3.1.1 Operation in the inverting mode

4.3.2 Basic circuits operation in the inverting mode

4.3.2.1 Single-phase bridge inverter

4.3.2.2 Three-phase bridge inverter

4.3.3 Active, reactive, and apparent powers of inverters

4.3.4 Characteristics of inverters

4.4 Direct frequency converters (cycloconverters)

4.4.1 Thyristor-based ac─ac converters

4.4.2 Reduction of the output-voltage distortion

4.5 ac voltage regulators based on thyristors

4.5.1 Single-phase ac voltage regulators

4.5.1.1 Operation with active load

4.5.1.2 Operation with resistive-inductive load

4.5.1.3 Operation with inductive load

4.5.2 Three-phase ac voltage regulators

References

chapter 5 Conversion from direct current to direct current

5.1 Introduction: Continuous stabilizers

5.2 Basic dc voltage regulators

5.2.1 Step-down dc/dc converter

5.2.2 Step-up dc/dc converter

5.2.3 Inverting regulator

5.2.4 The Ćuk converter

5.2.5 Regulators with voltage multiplication

5.3 dc voltage regulators with transformer uncoupling of the input and output circuits

5.3.1 Flyback converter

5.3.2 Forward converter

5.3.3 Push─pull converters

5.4 Multiquadrant direct-current converters

5.4.1 Two-quadrant converter

5.4.2 Four-quadrant converter

5.5 Thyristor─capacitor regulators with dosed energy supply to the load

References

chapter 6 Inverters and ac converters based on completely controllable switches

6.1 Voltage inverters

6.1.1 Single-phase voltage inverters

6.1.2 Pulse-width control in single-phase voltage inverters

6.1.3 Three-phase voltage inverters

6.1.4 Three-phase voltage inverters for asymmetric loads

6.2 Current inverters

6.2.1 Transistor current inverters

6.2.2 Pulse-width control in current inverters

6.2.3 Current inverters based on single-throw thyristors

6.3 ac converters

6.3.1 ac converters (regulators) without transformers

6.3.2 ac voltage converter with a voltage booster

6.3.3 Indirect ac voltage converters

6.4 Frequency converters

6.4.1 Frequency converters with a dc link

6.4.2 Direct frequency converters

References

chapter 7 Pulse-width modulation and power quality control

7.1 Basic principles of pulse-width modulation

7.1.1 Pulse modulation with a stochastic process

7.2 PWM techniques in inverters

7.2.1 Voltage source inverters

7.2.1.1 Single-phase full-bridge voltage source inverter

7.2.1.2 Three-phase voltage source inverter

7.2.2 Current source inverters

7.2.3 SV modulation

7.3 Power quality control on the basis of PWM converters

7.3.1 Functional capabilities of PWM converters

7.3.2 Operation modes of ac─dc PWM converters

7.3.2.1 Inversion

7.3.2.2 Current source converters

7.3.2.3 Voltage source converters

7.3.2.4 Rectification

7.3.2.5 Reactive power control

7.3.3 Active power filters

7.3.3.1 Principle of active filtering

7.3.3.2 Active filters for power conditioning

7.3.3.3 Active power filter circuits

7.3.3.4 dc active filters

7.3.4 Hybrid filters

7.3.4.1 Characteristics of passive filters

7.3.4.2 Regulation of passive filters

7.3.5 Balancing of currents in a three-phase system

7.4 Basic control systems of ac─dc converters with PWM

References

chapter 8 Resonant converters

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Converters with a load in resonant circuit

8.2.1 Converters with serial connection of the load

8.2.1.1 Discontinuous current mode ( ωS<0.5ω0 )

8.2.1.2 Continuous current mode 0.5ω0<ωS<ω0

8.2.1.3 Continuous current mode ωs>ω0)

8.2.2 Converters with parallel connection of the load

8.2.3 Series―parallel resonant inverters

8.2.4 Converters of class E

8.2.4.1 Inverters of class E

8.2.4.2 Rectifiers of class E

8.3 Quasi-resonant converters

8.3.1 Basic circuits with quasi-resonant switching

8.3.1.1 Zero current switching

8.3.1.2 Zero voltage switching

8.3.2 Quasi-resonant dc-dc converters

8.3.2.1 ZCS quasi-resonant converters

8.3.2.2 ZVS quasi-resonant converters

8.3.3 ZVS converters with switch voltage limiting

8.3.4 ZVS inverters with an input resonant circuit

References

chapter 9 Multilevel, modular, and multicell converter topologies

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Parallel connection of rectifiers and dc-dc converters

9.3 Parallel connection of inverters

9.4 Voltage multipliers and voltage dividers based on capacitor―diode cells

9.4.1 Voltage multipliers

9.4.2 Voltage dividers

9.5 Multilevel converter structures

9.5.1 Diode-clamped circuits

9.5.2 Flying-capacitor inverters

9.5.3 Multilevel cascaded converters

References

chapter 10 Applications of power electronics

10.1 Improvement of the efficiency of power supply

10.1.1 Control of power transmission and power quality

10.1.1.1 Control of ac power flows

10.1.1.2 Reactive-power compensation

10.1.1.3 Phase shifters

10.1.1.4 Power transmission and dc links

10.1.1.5 Power quality control

10.1.2 Power electronics for renewable energy sources and storages

10.1.2.1 Solar cells

10.1.2.2 Wind turbines

10.1.2.3 Fuel cells

10.2 Electric drives

10.2.1 Control of dc machines

10.2.2 Control of induction motors

10.2.2.1 Scalar control

10.2.2.2 Vector control

10.2.3 Control of synchronous machines

10.2.3.1 Control of synchronous motors with adjustable excitation

10.2.3.2 Control of switched motors

10.2.3.3 Switched reluctance motors

10.3 Engineering applications

10.3.1 Lighting

10.3.2 Electrotechnology

10 3 2 1 Electrical heating

10.3.2.2 Electric welding

10.3.2.3 Other uses

10.3.3 Electrical transportation

10.3.3.1 Railway transport

10.3.3.2 Urban transport

10.3.3.3 Automotive applications

10.3.3.4 Marine power systems

10.3.3.5 Aircraft power systems

10.3.3.6 Rocket power supply

10.3.4 Engineering requirements

10.3.4.1 Basic requirements for power electronic devices

10.3.4.2 Electromagnetic compatibility

10.3.4.3 Certification of power electronic devices

References

Index