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or ‘problematic’, has certain features. First, we offer a limited definition of

racism-as-ideology, attempting to walk the tightrope between a deflated

concept of racism and an over-inflated one. If the racism paradigm is

regarded as an extreme approach to the subject, we are situating it in the

via media. Second, we utilise a social-scientific analysis of racism for a

critique of everyday-language concepts of ‘race’ and ‘racism’ (cf. Miles 1993;

Miles and Torres 1999). Third, we emphasise the shifting meanings of

racism, on the one hand, and the constant importance of class and the

political economy of migration, on the other. To put this differently, we

define racism a priori, but flexibly, recognising that the nature of racism

can and does change, and prepared to ground the (a priori or revised)

definition in empirical observation. Fourth, we reject an analysis of racism

in terms of a phenotypically identifiable victim, proposing instead an

analysis in terms of the historical development of racism and nationalism

(in the context of capitalism) which has made both ideologies interdependent. Fifth, we recognise that racism is a political and moral issue as well

as a social-scientific one, and this intersection of issues makes the concept

of racism politically, morally and sociologically complex.

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