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This idea of state promotion of out-of-wedlock

births came from Nikita S. Khrushchev, who saw the war’s effects

firsthand as the head of the Ukrainian Communist Party. Like Lena,

many women aborted to avoid giving birth to “out-of-wedlock”

children, a legal status that the 1944 Family Law created for the first

time in Soviet history. The clearest and most painful expression of

this legal change dictated that mothers could no longer include the

biological father’s name in the birth certificate, leaving open the

question of what patronymic to give to the child, instead of the one

usually derived from the actual father’s first name.12 But many others

also gave birth believing that the baby’s father would marry them or

having found out about the pregnancy too late to have a safe illegal

abortion. The Central Statistical Administration recorded about 8.7

million children as out of wedlock between 1945 and 1954.

This book is about Soviet women struggling to create the best

possible family life in difficult postwar conditions under the pronatalist

regime, and the medical and legal professionals who tried to improve

the welfare of postwar mothers and children. Policymakers

considered the births of millions of out-of-wedlock children as

success, but women from many walks of life complained about the

difficulties of finding a marriage partner, disapproved of out-ofwedlock

status, and expressed dissatisfaction with abortion’s

illegality.

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