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32 reviewsSUMMARYMicroglia, the principal immune cells of the central nervous system, have emerged as important players insensing and regulating neuronal activity. While microglial activation is a hallmark in neurodegeneration,the specific role of microglia in disease-related cortical excitability remains unknown. Utilizing multichannelprobe recordings and longitudinal in vivo calcium imaging, we observed neuronal hyperactivity at the initialstage of disease progression in a mouse model of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) neurodegeneration(rNLS8, regulated nuclear localization sequence-deleted human TDP-43 transgenic mouse model). Spatialand single-cell RNA sequencing revealed a specific subpopulation of microglia, rod-shaped microglia,with a distinct morphology and direct response to cortical hyperactivity. Rod-shaped microglia predominantly interacted with neuronal dendrites and remodeled excitatory synaptic inputs to attenuate motorcortical hyperactivity. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) deficiency led to a markedreduction of rod-shaped microglia accompanied by increased neuronal activity in rNLS8 mice. Together, ourresults suggest that rod-shaped microglia play a neuroprotective role by attenuating cortical hyperexcitability in TDP-43-related neurodegeneration.
