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38 reviewsSUMMARYChromatin in the human brain cortex shows more enhancer-enhancer contacts than in macaques and mice,yet the organization of these contacts across cellular states and the mechanisms behind them remain unclear. Here, we developed simultaneous conformation and open-chromatin capture (SCOPE-C) to mapopen chromatin and its long-range spatial interactions from low-input samples. Applying SCOPE-C to fetalcortical cells from humans, macaques, and mice, we reveal that human neurogenesis is characterized byextended long-range (>1 megabase [Mb]) enhancer-promoter loops formed via CCCTC-binding factor(CTCF) mediated loop extrusion. In human excitatory neurons (ENs), these interactions establish dynamicnetworks spanning up to 10 Mb. These networks are enriched with human-biased enhancers and neuropsychiatric disorder-linked single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) regulating key cell-fate genes such asSATB2. The formation of these vast, dynamic enhancer networks appears to be a prominent feature of humanENs, offering mechanistic insights into cortical evolution and the genetic vulnerability of neurodevelopmentalregulation.
