The Christian Minorities In Turkey Moran Etho Baum Wilhelm by Baum, Wilhelm 9781611435771, 1611435773 instant download after payment.

Among the most essential differences between Islam and other religions is the problem that Islam has never acknowledged the idea of a peaceful coexistence with other denominations and that the immensely important Western concept of a secular state with the separation of "throne and altar" or "church and state" or else tolerance toward other religions is completely alien to it. According to the Koran (Surah 2,62 and 105, as well as 5,68-69) the Christians - like the Jews - belong to the "peoples of the book" ("ahl al-ki-tab"). It is true that they are granted freedom and property, but several duties and restrictions are imposed on them. Thus, "Omar's Accord" of Khalif Omar II (717-720) contains the regulation that Christians are not allowed to erect or renovate churches and monasteries (art. 1 and 2), that their testimony is invalid at court (art. 8), that they are not permitted to wear the same garments as Muslims (art. 11), and are forbidden to ride saddled horses and carry arms (art. 13). This "accord" served as a pattern in later times, too. The term "Dhimmi" denotes the contractual relations (Dhimma) of religions with the Islamic state under Islamic rule. The area ruled by Islam is the "Dar al-Islam", the "house of Islam"; the rest of the world is the "Dar del-Harb", the "house of war", which has to be subdued. An armistice ("Hudna") is only possible temporarily and for tactical reasons; according to surah 9,29 of the Koran Christians, Jews and other scripture owners are the "unbelievers" one has to fight until they pay "protective money",, the Jeezya. This also explains the quick spreading of Islam, as the members were on principle tax-exempt and lived on the loot and the Jeezya. The system worked until Islamic expansion came to a standstill in the middle of the 8t h century.