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EbookBell Team
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ISBN 13: 9789004120686
Author: Ritter
The Ocean of the Soul is one of the great works of the German Orientalist Hellmut Ritter (1892-1971). It presents a comprehensive analysis of the writings of the mystical Persian poet Farīd al-Dīn ‘Aṭṭār who is thought to have died at an advanced age in April 1221 when the Mongols destroyed his home city of Nīshāpūr in the north-east of Iran. The book, which resulted from decades of investigation of literary and historical sources, was first published in 1955 and has since remained unsurpassed not only as the definitive study of ‘Aṭṭār's world of ideas but as an indispensable guide to understanding pre-modern Islamic literature in general.
Quoting at length from ‘Aṭṭār and other Islamic sources, Ritter sketches an extraordinarily vivid portrait of the Islamic attitude toward life, characteristic developments in pious and ascetic circles, and, in conclusion, various dominant mystical currents of thought and feeling.
Special attention is given to a wide range of views on love, love in all its manifestations, including homosexuality and the commonplace sūfī adoration of good-looking youths. Ritter's approach is throughout based onprecise philological interpretation of primary sources, several of which he has himself made available in critical editions
Introduction
Chapter One Death and Transitoriness
Chapter Two The World
Chapter Three Distress, Suffering and Oppression: A Theodicy
Chapter Four The Religious Situation
Chapter Five The Unquenched Drive for Knowledge
Chapter Six Worldly People
Chapter Seven Men of Power
Chapter Eight The Emotional Attitude of the Pious
Chapter Nine The Poet on Himself
Chapter Ten Strife with God: The Fool
Chapter Eleven The Value of Life. This World and the Hereafter. Overcoming Fear of Death
Chapter Twelve Renunciation of the World and Asceticism
Chapter Thirteen Trust in God’s Providence
Chapter Fourteen Contentedness and Poverty
Chapter Fifteen The Interpretation of Suffering. Patience—Gratitude—Contentment
Chapter Sixteen The Transformation and Conquest of Sorrow and Suffering
Chapter Seventeen God’s Mercy and Kindness
Chapter Eighteen The Means of Mercy
Chapter Nineteen Works: Being God’s Slave
Chapter Twenty Virtues of the Inner Attitude
Chapter Twenty-One Social Virtues
Chapter Twenty-Two The Relationship with Animals
Chapter Twenty-Three Seeking Closeness to God
Chapter Twenty-Four Earthly Love with Social and Legal Ties
Chapter Twenty-Five Earthly Love as Free Emotion
Chapter Twenty-Six Religious Love of a Beautiful Person
Chapter Twenty-Seven Pure Love of God
Chapter Twenty-Eight Extinction and Union with Divinity
Chapter Twenty-Nine God, the World and the Universal Soul
Chapter Thirty Travelling Within Oneself. Metaphysical Self-importance. Final Extinction
Abbreviated Titles
Bibliography
Analytic Index
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